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    4th 'T' Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560041, India
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    (080) 26961933, 26961935, 26961943
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  • Approved By: UGC

B.Sc. (Radiotherapy)


Duration:

3 Years

Eligibility:

10+2

Eligibility Conditions:

Two year Pre-University examination or equivalent as recognized by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences with, Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal subjects of study.     OR

Pre-Degree course from a recognized University considered as equivalent by RGUHS, (Two years after ten years of schooling) with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal subjects of study.     OR

Any equivalent examination recognized by the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore for the above purpose with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal subjects of study.     OR

The vocational higher secondary education course conducted by Vocational Higher Secondary Education, Government of Kerala with five subjects including Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English in addition to vocational subjects conducted is considered equivalent to plus TWO examinations of Government of Karnataka Pre University Course.     OR

Candidates with two years diploma from a recognized Government Board in a subject for which the  candidate desires to enroll, in the respective Allied Health Sciences course mentioned shall have passed plus 12 [10+2] with Physics, Chemistry and Biology, as principle subjects or candidates with 3 years diploma from a recognized Government Board in a subject for which the candidate desires to enroll, in the respective Allied Health Sciences course mentioned in should have studied Physics, Biology and Chemistry  as principal subjects during the tenure of the course. 6. Lateral entry to second year for allied health science courses for candidates who have passed diploma program from the Government Boards and recognized by RGUHS, fulfilling the conditions and these students are eligible to take admission on lateral entry system only in the same subject studied at diploma level from the academic year 2008-09 vide RGUHS Notification no. AUTH/AHS/317/2008-09 dated 01.08.2008.

In case of admission to B.Sc. Imaging Technology Or B.Sc.Radiotherapy Technology the candidate should have passed Pre-University or equivalent examination with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics, as principal subjects of study.

Note:

  • The candidate shall have passed individually in each of the principal subjects.
  • Candidates who have completed diploma or vocational course through Correspondence shall not be eligible for any of the courses mentioned above.

 

Duration Of The Course:

Duration shall be for a period of three and half years including six months of Internship.

 

Course Structure

First Year

  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Pathology
  • Microbiology
  • Subsidiary Subjects
    • Sociology
    • English
    • Bio Statistics
    • Health Care
    • Indian Constitution
    • Basics in Computer Applications

Second Year

  • Biochemistry II
  • Microbiology II
  • Pathology II

Third Year

  • Biochemistry III
  • Microbiology III
  • Pathology III

 

Course Syllabus

Anatomy

No. of theory classes: 70 hours

No. of practical classes: 20 hours

  • Introduction: Human Body as a Whole
    • Definition of anatomy and its divisions
    • Terms of location, positions and planes
    • Cell and its organelles
    • Epithelium-definition, classification, describe with examples, function
    • Glands- classification, describe serous & mucous glands with examples
    • Basic tissues – classification with examples
    • Practical: 
      • Histology of types of epithelium
      • Histology of serous, mucous & mixed salivary gland
  • Locomotion and support
    • Cartilage – types with example & histology
    • Bone – Classification, names of bone cells, parts of long bone, microscopy of compact
    • bone, names of all bones, vertebral column, intervertebral disc, fontanelles of fetal skull
    • Joints – Classification of joints with examples, synovial joint (in detail for radiology)
    • Muscular system: Classification of muscular tissue & histology
    • Names of muscles of the body
    • Practical:
      • Histology of the 3 types of cartilage
      • Demo of all bones showing parts, radiographs of normal bones & joints
      • Histology of compact bone (TS & LS)
      • Demonstration of all muscles of the body
      • Histology of skeletal (TS & LS), smooth & cardiac muscle
  • Cardiovascular system
    • Heart-size, location, chambers, exterior & interior
    • Blood supply of heart
    • Systemic & pulmonary circulation
    • Branches of aorta, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery,
    • brachial artery, superficial palmar arch, femoral artery, internal iliac artery
    • Peripheral pulse
    • Inferior venacava, portal vein, portosystemic anastomosis
    • Great saphenous vein
    • Dural venous sinuses
    • Lymphatic system- cisterna chyli & thoracic duct
    • Histology of lymphatic tissues
    • Names of regional lymphatics, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes in brief
    • Practical:
      • Demonstration of heart and vessels in the body
      • Histology of large artery, medium sized artery & vein, large vein
      • Microscopic appearance of large artery, medium sized artery & vein, large vein
      • pericardium
      • Histology of lymph node, spleen, tonsil & thymus
      • Normal chest radiograph showing heart shadows
      • Normal angiograms
  • Gastro-intestinal system
  • Parts of GIT, Oral cavity (lip, tongue (with histology), tonsil, dentition, pharynx, salivary glands, Waldeyer’s ring)
  • Oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
  • Radiographs of abdomen
  • Respiratory system
    • Parts of RS, nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchopulmonary segments
    • Histology of trachea, lung and pleura
    • Names of paranasal air sinuses
    • Practical : 
      • Demonstration of parts of respiratory system.
      • Normal radiographs of chest
      • Histology of lung and trachea
  • Peritoneum
    • Theory: Description in brief
    • Practical:
      • Demonstration of reflections
  • Urinary system
    • Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, male and female urethra
    • Histology of kidney, ureter and urinary bladder
    • Practical: 
      • Demonstration of parts of urinary system
      • Histology of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder
      • Radiographs of abdomen-IVP, retrograde cystogram
  • Reproductive system
    • Parts of male reproductive system, testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate (gross & histology)
    • Parts of female reproductive system, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary (gross & histology)
    • Mammary gland – gross
    • Practical:
      • Demonstration of section of male and female pelvis with organs in situ
      • Histology of testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary
      • Radiographs of pelvis – hysterosalpingogram
  • Endocrine glands
    • Names of all endocrine glands in detail on pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, suprarenal glad – (gross & histology)
    • Practical: 
      • Demonstration of the glands
      • Histology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal glands
  • Nervous system
    • Neuron
    • Classification of NS
    • Cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord with spinal nerve (gross & histology)
    • Meninges, Ventricles & cerebrospinal fluid
    • Names of basal nuclei
    • Blood supply of brain
    • Cranial nerves
    • Sympathetic trunk & names of parasympathetic ganglia
    • Practical: 
      • Histology of peripheral nerve & optic nerve
      • Demonstration of all plexuses and nerves in the body
      • Demonstration of all part of brain
      • Histology of cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord
  • Sensory organs:
    • Skin: Skin-histology
    • Appendages of skin
    • Eye: Parts of eye & lacrimal apparatus
    • Extra-ocular muscles & nerve supply
    • Ear: parts of ear- external, middle and inner ear and contents
    • Practical:
      • Histology of thin and thick skin
      • Demonstration and histology of eyeball
      • Histology of cornea & retina
  • Embryology:
    • Spermatogenesis & oogenesis
    • Ovulation, fertilization
    • Fetal circulation
    • Placenta
    • Internal Assessment
    • Theory - Average of two exams conducted. 20
    • Practicals: Record & Lab work* 10

Note : * There shall be no University Practical Examination and internal assessment marks secured in Practicals need not be sent to the University.

 

Physiology

Theory 70 hours

Practical 20hours

  • Introduction – Composition and Function of Blood
    • Red blood cells – Erythropoiesis, stages of differentiation function, count physiological Variation.
    • Haemoglobin –structure, function, concentration physiological variation
    • Methods of Estimation of Hb
    • White blood cells – Production, function, life span, count, differential count
    • Platelets – Origin, normal count, morphology functions.
    • Plasma Proteins – Production, concentration, types, albumin, globulin, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin functions.
    • Haemostasis & Blood coagulation
    • Haemostasis – Definition, normal haemostasis, clotting factors, mechanism of clotting, disorders of clotting factors.
    • Blood Bank
    • Blood groups – ABO system, Rh system
    • Blood grouping & typing
    • Crossmatching
    • Rh system – Rh factor, Rh incompatibility.
    • Blood transfusion – Indication, universal donor and recipient concept.
    • Selection criteria of a blood donor. transfusion reactions
    • Anticoagulants – Classification, examples and uses
    • Anaemias : Classification – morphological and etiological. Effects of anemia on body
    • Blood indices – Colour index, MCH, MCV, MCHC
    • Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Paced cell volume
    • Normal values, Definition. Determination,
    • Blood Volume -Normal value, determination of blood volume and regulation of blood volume Body fluid – pH, normal value, regulation and variation
    • Lymph – lymphoid tissue formation, circulation, composition and function of lymph
  • Cardiovascular system
    • Heart – Physiological Anatomy, Nerve supply
    • Properties of Cardiac muscle, Cardiac cycle-systole, diastole. Intraventricular pressure curves.
    • Cardiac Output – only definition
    • Heart sounds Normal heart sounds Areas of auscultation.
    • Blood Pressure – Definition, normal value, clinical measurement of blood pressure.
    • Physiological variations, regulation of heart rate, cardiac shock, hypotension, hypertension.
    • Pulse – Jugular, radial pulse, Triple response
    • Heart sounds – Normal heart sounds, cause characteristics and signification. Heart rate
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG) –significance.
  • Digestive System
    • Physiological anatomy of Gastro intestinal tract, Functions of digestive system
    • Salivary glands - Structure and functions. Deglutination –stages and regulation
    • Stomach – structure and functions
    • Gastric secretion – Composition function regulation of gastric juice secretion
    • Pancreas – structure, function, composition, regulation of pancreatic juice
    • Liver – functions of liver
    • Bile secretion, composition, function, regulation of bile secretion. Bilirubin metabolism types of bilirubin, Vandernberg reaction, Jaundice- types, significance.
    • Gall bladder – functions
    • Intestine – small intestine and large intestine
    • Small intestine –Functions- Digestion, absorption, movements.
    • Large intestine – Functions, Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Lipids.
    • Defecation
  • Respiratory system
    • Functions of Respiratory system, Physiological Anatomy of Respiratory system, Respiratory tract, Respiratory Muscles, Respiratory organ-lungs, Alveoli, Respiratory membrane, stages of respiration.
    • Mechanism of normal and rigorous respiration. Forces opposing and favouring expansion of the lungs. Intra pulmonary pleural pressure, surface tension, recoil tendency of the wall. H
    • Transportation of Respiratory gases:
    • Transportation of Oxygen: Direction, pressure gradient, Forms of transportation, Oxygenation of Hb. Quantity of Oxygen transported.
    • Lung volumes and capacities
    • Regulation of respiration what? Why? How? Mechanisms of Regulation, nervous and chemical regulation. Respiratory centre. Hearing Brier, Reflexes. Applied Physiology and Respiration : Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Asphyxia, Dyspnea, Dysbarism, Artificial Respiration, Apnoea.
  • Endocrine System 
    • Definition, Classification of Endocrine glands & their Hormones Properties of Hormones. Thyroid gland hormone – Physiological, Anatomy, Hormone secreted, Physiological function, regulation of secretion. Disorders – hypo and hyper secretion of hormone
    • Adrenal gland, Adrenal cortex physiologic anatomy of adrenal gland, Adrenal cortex, cortical hormones – functions and regulation
    • Adrenal medulla – Hormones, regulation and secretion. Functions of Adrenaline and nor adrenaline
    • Pituitary hormones – Anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, secretion, function Pancreas – Hormones of pancreas
    • Insulin – secretion, regulation, function and action
    • Diabetes mellitus – Regulation of blood glucose level
    • Parathyroid gland – function, action, regulation of secretion of parathyroid hormone.
    • Calcitonin – function and action
  • Special senses
    • Vision – structure of eye. Function of different parts.
    • Structure of retina
    • Hearing structure and function of can mechanism of hearing
    • Taste – Taste buds functions. Smell physiology, Receptors.
  • Nervous system
    • Functions of Nervous system, Neuron structure, classification and properties. Neuroglia, nerve fiber, classification, conduction of impulses continuous and saltatory. Velocity of impulse transmission and factors affecting. Synapse – structure, types, properties.
    • Receptors – Definition, classification, properties. Reflex action – unconditioned properties of reflex action. Babinski’s sign. Spinal cord nerve tracts. Ascending tracts, Descending tracts –
  • Pyramidal tracts 
    • Extrapyramidal tracts. Functions of Medulla, pons, Hypothalamic disorders. Cerebral cortex lobes and functions, Sensory cortex, Motor cortex,Cerebellum functions of Cerebellum. Basal ganglion-functions. EEG.
    • Cerebro Spinal Fluid(CSF) : formation, circulation, properties, composition and functions lumbar puncture.
  • Autonomic Nervous System:
    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic distribution and functions and comparison of functions.
    • Excretory System
    • Excretory organs
  • Kidneys: 
    • Functions of kidneys structural and functional unit nephron, vasarecta, cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons – Comparision, Juxta Glomerular Apparatus –Structure and function. Renal circulation peculiarities.
    • Mechanism of Urine formation: Ultrafiltration criteria for filtration GFR, Plasma fraction, EFP, factors effecting EFR. Determination of GFR selective reabsorption – sites of reabsorption, substance reabsorbed, mechanisms of reabsorption Glucose, urea.
    • H + Cl aminoacids etc. TMG, Tubular lead, Renal threshold % of reabsorption of different substances, selective e secretion.
    • Properties and composition of normal urine, urine output. Abnormal constituents in urine, Mechanism of urine concentration.
    • Counter – Current Mechanisms : Micturition, Innervation of Bladder, Cystourethrogram.
    • Diuretics : Water, Diuretics, osmotic diuretics, Artificial kidney Renal function tests – plasma clearance Actions of ADH, Aldosterone and PTH on kidneys. Renal function tests
  • Reproductive system
    • Function of Reproductive system, Puberty
    • Male reproductive system- Functions of testes, spermatogenesis site, stages, factors influencing semen. Endocrine functions of testes
    • Androgens – Testosterone structure and functions.
    • Female reproductive system. Ovulation, menstrual cycle. Physiological changes during pregnancy, pregnancy test.
    • Lactation : Composition of milk factors controlling lactation.
  • Muscle nerve physiology
    • Classification of muscle, structure of skeletal muscle, Sarcomere contractile proteins,
    • Neuromuscular junction. Transmission across, Neuromuscular junction. Excitation contraction coupling. Mechanism of muscle contraction muscle tone, fatigue Rigour mortis
  • Skin 
    • Structure and function
    • Body temperature measurement, Physiological variation, Regulation of body
    • Temperature by physical chemical and nervous mechanisms .Role of Hypothalamus,
    • Hypothermia and fever.
  • Practicals
    • Haemoglobinometry
    • White Blood Cell count
    • Red Blood Cell count
    • Determination of Blood Groups
    • Leishman’s staining and Differential WBC count
    • Determination of packed cell Volume
    • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]
    • Calculation of Blood indices
    • Determination of Clotting Time, Bleeding Time
    • Blood pressure Recording
    • Auscultation for Heart Sounds
    • Artificial Respiration
    • Determination of vital capacity
    • Internal Assessment
    • Theory - Average of two exams conducted. 20
    • Practicals: Record & Lab work* 10

Note :* There shall be no University Practical Examination and internal assessment marks secured in Practicals need not be sent to the University.

 

Biochemistry

No. Theory classes: 70hours

No. of practical classes: 20 hours

Theory:

Specimen collection: Pre-analytical variables, Collection of blood, Collection of CSF & other fluids Urine collection, Use of preservatives, Anticoagulants

  • Introduction to Laboratory apparatus
    • Pipettes- different types (Graduated, volumetric, Pasteur, Automatic etc.,)
    • Calibration of glass pipettes
    • Burettes, Beakers, Petri dishes, depression plates.
    • Flasks - different types )Volumetric, round bottomed, Erlemeyer conical etc.,)
    • Funnels – different types (Conical, Buchner etc.,)
    • Bottles – Reagent bottles – graduated and common, Wash bottles – different type Specimen bottles etc.,
  • Measuring cylinders, Porcelain dish
    • Tubes – Test tubes, centrifuge tubes, test tube draining rack
    • Tripod stand, Wire gauze, Bunsen burner.
    • Cuvettes, significance of cuvettes in colorimeter, cuvettes for visible and UV range, cuvette holders Racks – Bottle, Test tube, Pipette
    • Dessicator, Stop watch, rimers, scissors
    • Dispensers – reagent and sample
    • Any other apparatus which is important and may have been missed should also be covered
    • Maintenance of lab glass ware and apparatus:
    • Glass and plastic ware in Laboratory
    • *use of glass: significance of boro silicate glass; care and cleaning of glass ware, different cleaning solutions of glass
    • * care and cleaning of plastic ware, different cleaning solution
  • Instruments (Theory and demonstration) Diagrams to be drawn
    • Water bath: Use, care and maintenance
    • Oven & Incubators : Use, care and maintenance.
    • Water Distillation plant and water deionisers. Use, care and maintenance
    • Refrigerators, cold box, deep freezers – Use, care and maintenance
    • Reflux condenser : Use, care and maintenance
    • Centrifuges (Theory and demonstration) Diagrams to be drawn
    • Definition, Principle, svedberg unit, centrifugal force, centrifugal field rpm, ref. Conversion of G to rpm and vice versa.
    • Different types of centrifuges
    • Use care and maintenance of a centrifuge
    • Laboratory balances (Theory & Practicals) Diagrams to be drawn
    • Manual balances: Single pan, double pan, trip balance
    • Direct read out electrical balances.
    • Use care and maintenance. Guideline to be followed and precautions to be taken while weighing
    • Weighing different types of chemicals, liquids. Hygroscopic compounds etc.
    • Colorimeter and spectrophotometer (Theory and Practicals) Diagrams to be drawn Principle, Parts Diagram.
    • Use, care and maintenance.
    • pH meter (Theory & practicals) Diagrams to be drawn
    • principle, parts, Types of electrodes, salt bridge solution.
    • Use, care and maintenance of Ph meter and electrodes
    • Guidelines to be followed and precautions to be taken while using pH meter
  • Safety of measurements
  • Conventional and SI units
  • Atomic structure
    • Dalton’s theory, Properties of electrons, protons, neutrons, and nucleus, Rutherford’s model of atomic structure, Bohr’s model of atomic structure, orbit and orbital, Quantum numbers, Heisenberg’s uncertainly principle.
    • Electronic configuration – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, etc. Valency and bonds – different types of strong and weak bonds in detail with examples
    • Theory & Practicals for all the following under this section
      • Molecular weight, equivalent weight of elements and compounds, normality, molarity Preparation of molar solutions (mole/litre solution) eg: 1 M Nacl, 0.15 M NaCL 1 M NaOH, 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M H 2S04 etc.,
      • Preparation of normal solutions. eg., IN Na2CO3, O IN Oxalic acid, 0.1 N HCl, 0.1N H2504, 0.66 N H2S04 etc.,
      • Percent solutions. Preparation of different solutions – v/v w/v (solids, liquids and acids)
      • Conversion of a percent solution into a molar solution
  • Dilutions
    • Diluting solutions: eg. Preparation of 0.1 N NaCl from 1 N NaCl from 2 NaCl etc., Preparing working standard from stock standard, Body fluid dilutions, Reagent dilution techniques, calculating the dilution of a solution, body fluid reagent etc., Saturated and supersaturated solutions. Standard solutions. Technique for preparation of standard solutions eg: Glucose, urea, etc., Significance of volumetric flask in preparing standard solutions. Volumetric flasks of different sizes, Preparation of standard solutions of deliquescent compounds (CaCl2, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide etc.,) Preparation of standards using conventional and SI units Acids, bases, salts and indicators.
  • Acids and Bases:
    • Definition, physical and chemical properties with examples. Arrehenius concept of acids and bases, Lowery – Bronsted theory of acids and bases classification of acids and bases. Different between bases and alkali, acidity and basicity,  monoprotonic and polyprotonic acids and bases. Concepts of acid base reaction, hydrogen ion concentration, Ionisation of water, buffer, Ph value of a solution, preparation of buffer solutions using Ph meter.
    • Salts: Definition, classification, water of crystallization – definition and different types, deliquescent and hygroscopic salts
  • Acid- base indicators: (Theory and Practicals)
    • Definition, concept, mechanism of dissociation of an indicator, colour change of an indicator in acidic and basic conditions, use if standard buffer solution and indicators for pH determinations, preparation and its application, list of commonly used indicators and their pH range, suitable pH indicators used in different titrations, universal indicators
    • Practicals
      • Titration of a simple acid and a base (Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid and using this solution finding out the normality of a sodium hydroxide solution. Acid to be titrated using this base) Calculation of normality of an acid or a base after titration, measurement of hydrogen ion concentration
  • Quality control:
    • Accuracy
    • Precision
    • Specificity
    • Sensitivity
    • Limits of error allowable in laboratory
    • Percentage error
    • Normal values and Interpretations
  • Special Investigations:
    • Serum Electrophoresis
    • Immunoglobulins
    • Drugs: Digitoxin, Theophyllines
    • Regulation of Acid Base status:
    • Henderson Hasselback Equations
    • Buffers of the fluid
    • pH Regulation
    • Disturbance in acid Base Balance
    • Anion Gap
    • Metabolic acidosis
    • Metabolic acidosis
    • Metabolic alkalosis
    • Respiratory acidosis
    • Respiratory alkalosis
    • Basic Principles and estimation of Blood Gases and pH
    • Basic principles and estimation of Electrolytes
    • Water Balance
    • Sodium regulation
    • Bicarbonate buffers
    • Nutrition, Nutritional support with special emphasis on parental nutrition.
    • Calorific Value
    • Nitrogen Balance
    • Respiratory Quotient
    • Basal metabolic rate
    • Dietary Fibers
    • Nutritional importance of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
    • Vitamins
    • Practicals
      • Analysis of Normal Urine
      • Composition of urine
      • Procedure for routine screening
      • Urinary screening for inborn errors of metabolism
      • Common renal disease
      • Urinary calculus
      • Urine examination for detection of abnormal constituents
      • Interpretation and Diagnosis through charts
      • Liver Function tests
      • Lipid Profile
      • Renal Function test
      • Cardiac markers
      • Blood gas and Electrolytes
      • Estimation of Blood sugar, Blood Urea and electrolytes
      • Demonstration of Strips
      • Demonstration of Glucometer

 

Pathology

Histo Pathology ,Clinical Pathology, Haematology and Blood Banking

Theory – 70 hours

Practical – 20 hours

  • HistoPathology - Theory
    • Introduction to Histo Pathology
    • Receiving of Specimen in the laboratory
    • Grossing Techniques
    • Mounting Techniques – various Mountants
    • Maintenance of records and filing of the slides.
    • Use & care of Microscope
    • Various Fixatives, Mode of action, Preparation and Indication.
    • Bio-Medical waste management
    • Section Cutting
    • Tissue processing for routine paraffin sections
    • Decalcification of Tissues.
    • Staining of tissues - H& E Staining
    • Bio-Medical waste management
  • Clinical Pathology – Theory
    • Introduction to Clinical Pathology
    • Collection, Transport, Preservation, and Processing of various clinical specimens
    • Urine Examination – Collection and Preservation of urine. Physical, chemical, Microscopic Examination
    • Examination of body fluids.
    • Examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    • Sputum Examination.
    • Examination of feces
  • Haematology – Theory
    • Introduction to Haematology
    • Normal constituents of Blood, their structure and function.
    • Collection of Blood samples
    • Various Anticoagulants used in Haematology
    • Various instruments and glassware used in Haematology, Preparation and use of glassware
    • Laboratory safety guidelines
    • SI units and conventional units in Hospital Laboratory
    • Hb, PCV
    • ESR
    • Normal Haemostasis Bleeding Time, Clotting Time, Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time.
  • Blood Bank
    • Introduction
    • Blood grouping and Rh Types
    • Cross matching
    • Practicals
      • Urine Examination.
      • Physical
      • Chemical
      • Microscopic
      • Blood Grouping, Rh typing.
      • Hb Estimation,Packed Cell Volume[PCV], Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate{ESR]
      • Bleeding Time, Clotting Time.
      • Histopathlogy – Section cutting and H &E Staining.[For BSc MLT only ]

 

Microbiology

Objective : - This course introduces the principles of Microbiology with emphasis on applied aspects of Microbiology of infectious diseases particularly in the following areas Principles & practice of sterilization methods. Collection and dispatch of specimens for routine microbiological investigations. Interpretation of commonly done bacteriological and serological investigations. Control of Hospital infections Biomedical waste management Immunization schedule.

Theory - 70 hours

  • Morphology 4 hours
    • Classification of microorganisms, size, shape and structure of bacteria. Use of microscope in the study of bacteria.
  • Growth and nutrition 4 hours
    • Nutrition, growth and multiplications of bacteria, use of culture media in diagnostic bacteriology.
  • Sterilisation and Disinfection 4 hours
    • Principles and use of equipments of sterilization namely Hot Air oven, Autoclave and serum inspissator. Pasteurization, Antiseptic and disinfectants. Antimicrobial sensitivity test.
  • Immunology 6 hours
    • Immunity Vaccines, Types of Vaccine and immunization schedule
    • Principles and interpretation of commonly done serological tests namely Widal,
    • VDRL, ASLO, CRP, RF & ELISA. Rapid tests for HIV and HbsAg(Technical details to be avoided)
  • Systematic Bacteriology 20 hours
    • Morphology, cultivation, diseases caused, laboratory diagnosis including specimen collection of the following bacteria( the classification, antigenic structure and pathogenicity are not to be taught) Staphyloccci, Streptococci, Pneumococci, Gonococci, Meningococci, C diphtheriae, Mycobacteria, Clostridia, Bacillus, Shigella, Salmonella, Esch coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas & Spirochetes.
  • Parasitology 10 hours
    • Morphology, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis of following parasites
    • E. histolytica, Plasmodium, Tape worms, Intestinal nematodes
  • Mycology 4 hours
    • Morphology, diseases caused and lab diagnosis of following fungi.
    • Candida, Cryptococcus, Dermatophytes ,opportunistic fungi.
  • Virology 10 hours
    • General properties of viruses, diseases caused, lab diagnosis and prevention of following viruses, Herpes, Hepatitis, HIV, Rabies and Poliomyelitis.
  • Hospital infection 
    • Causative agents, transmission methods, investigation, prevention and control Hospital infection. 4 hours
  • Principles and practice Biomedical waste management 4 hours
  • Practical 20 hours
    • Compound Microscope.
    • Demonstration and sterilization of equipments – Hot Air oven, Autoclave, Bacterial filters.
    • Demonstration of commonly used culture media, Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Mac conkey medium, LJ media, Robertson Cooked meat media, Potassium tellurite media with growth, Mac with LF & NLF, NA with staph Antibiotic susceptibility test
    • Demonstration of common serological tests – Widal, VDRL, ELISA.
    • Grams stain
    • Acid Fast staining
    • Stool exam for Helminthic ova
    • Visit to hospital for demonstration of Biomedical waste management.
    • Anaerobic culture methods.

 

Subsidiary Subjects

Sociology

Teaching Hours: 20

 Course Description

This course will introduce student to the basic sociology concepts, principles and social process, social institutions [in relation to the individual, family and community and the various social factors affecting the family in rural and urban communities in India will be studied.

  • Introduction:
    • Meaning – Definition and scope of sociology
    • Its relation to Anthropology, Psychology, Social Psychology
    • Methods of Sociological investigations – Case study, social survey, questionnaire, interview and opinion poll methods.
    • Importance of its study with special reference to health care professionals
  • Social Factors in Health and Disease:
    • Meaning of social factors
    • Role of social factors in health and disease
  • Socialization:
    • Meaning and nature of socialization
    • Primary, Secondary and Anticipatory socialization
    • Agencies of socialization
  • Social Groups:
    • Concepts of social groups, influence of formal and informal groups on health and sickness. The role of primary groups and secondary groups in the hospital and rehabilitation setup.
  • Family:
    • The family, meaning and definitions
    • Functions of types of family
    • Changing family patterns
    • Influence of family on individual’s health, family and nutrition, the effects of sickness in the family and psychosomatic disease and their importance to physiotherapy
  • Community:
    • Rural community: Meaning and features – Health hazards to rural communities, health hazards to tribal community.
    • Urban community – Meaning and features – Health hazards of urbanities
    • Culture and Health:
    • Concept of Health
    • Concept of culture
    • Culture and Health
    • Culture and Health Disorders
    • Social Change:
    • Meaning of social changes
    • Factors of social changes
    • Human adaptation and social change
    • Social change and stress
    • Social change and deviance
    • Social change and health programme
    • The role of social planning in the improvement of health and rehabilitation
  • Social Problems of disabled:
    • Consequences of the following social problems in relation to sickness and disability remedies to prevent these problems
    • Population explosion
    • Poverty and unemployment
    • Beggary
    • Juvenile delinquency
    • Prostitution
    • Alcoholism
    • Problems of women in employment
  • Social Security:
    • Social Security and social legislation in relation to the disabled
  • Social Work:
    • Meaning of Social Work
    • The role of a Medical Social Worker

 

English

Course Description: This course is designed to help the student acquire a good command and comprehension of the English language through individual papers and conferences.

Behavioural Objectives:

The student at the end of training is able to :

  • Read and comprehend English language
  • Speak and write grammatically correct English
  • Appreciates the value of English literature in personal and professional life.

Unit - I: Introduction:

  • Study Techniques
  • Organisation of effective note taking and logical processes of analysis and synthesis
  • Use of the dictionary
  • Enlargement of vocabulary
  • Effective diction

 Unit - II: Applied Grammar:

  • Correct usage
  • The structure of sentences
  • The structure of paragraphs
  • Enlargements of Vocabulary

Unit - III: Written Composition:

  • Precise writing and summarising
  • Writing of bibliography
  • Enlargement of Vocabulary

Unit - IV: Reading and Comprehension:

  • Review of selected materials and express oneself in one's words.
  • Enlargement of Vocabulary.

Unit - V: The Study of the Various Forms of Composition:

  • Paragraph, Essay, Letter, Summary, Practice in writing

Unit - VI: Verbal Communication:

  • Discussions and summarization, Debates, Oral reports, use in teaching Scheme of Examination Written (Theory): Maximum Marks: –80 marks.
  • No Practical or Viva voce examination
  • This is a subsidiary subject, examination to be conducted by respective colleges. Marks required for a pass is 35%

 

Bio Statistics

Time Allotted: 20 Hours

Course Description:

  • Introduction to basic statistical concepts: methods of statistical analysis; and interpretation of data
  • Behavioral Objectives:
  • Understands statistical terms.
  • Possesses knowledge and skill in the use of basic statistical and research methodology.

Unit – I : Introduction

  • Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics.
  • Importance of the study of statistics.
  • Branches of statistics.
  • Statistics and health science including nursing.
  • Parameters and estimates.
  • Descriptive and inferential statistics.
  • Variables and their types.
  • Measurement scales

Unit – II : Tabulation of Data

  • Raw data, the array, frequency distribution.
  • Basic principles of graphical representation.
  • Types of diagrams - histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency polygon, commulative frequency curve, ogive.
  • Normal probability curve.

Unit - III : Measure of Central Tendency

  • Need for measures of central tendency
  • Definition and calculation of mean - ungrouped and grouped
  • Meaning, interpretation and calculation of median ungrouped and grouped.
  • Meaning and calculation of mode.
  • Comparison of the mean, and mode.
  • Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency.

Unit - IV : Measure of Variability

  • Need for measure of dispression.
  • The range, the average deviation.
  • The variance and standard deviation.
  • Calculation of variance and standard deviation ungrouped and grouped.
  • Properties and uses of variance and SO

Unit -V : Probability and Standard Distributions.

  • Meaning of probability of standard distribution.
  • The Binominal distribution.
  • The normal distribution.
  • Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis.

Unit - VI : Sampling Techniques

  • Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples.
  • Application of sampling in Community.
  • Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors.
  • Sampling variation and tests of significance.

Unit - VII : Health Indicator

  • Importance of health Indicator.
  • Indicators of population, morbidity, mortality, health services.
  • Calculation of rates and rations of health.

 

Health Care

Teaching Hours : 40

Introduction to Health

  • Definition of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators of India, Health Team Concept.
  • National Health Policy
  • National Health Programmes ( Briefly Objectives and scope)
  • Population of India and Family welfare programme in India

Introduction to Nursing

  • What is Nursing ? Nursing principles. Inter-Personnel relationships. Bandaging : Basic turns; Bandaging extremities; Triangular Bandages and their application.
  • Nursing Position, Bed making, prone, lateral, dorsal, dorsal re-cumbent, Fowler's positions, comfort measures, Aids and rest and sleep.
  • Lifting And Transporting Patients: Lifting patients up in the bed. Transferring from bed to wheel chair. Transferring from bed to stretcher.
  • Bed Side Management: Giving and taking Bed pan, Urinal : Observation of stools, urine.
  • Observation of sputum, Understand use and care of catheters, enema giving.
  • Methods of Giving Nourishment: Feeding, Tube feeding, drips, transfusion Care of Rubber Goods
  • Recording of body temperature, respiration and pulse, Simple aseptic technique, sterilization and disinfection.
  • Surgical Dressing: Observation of dressing procedures

First Aid :

  • Syllabus as for Certificate Course of Red Cross Society of St. John's Ambulance Brigade.

 

Indian Constitution

Prescribed for the First Year students of all degree classes

Unit-I:

  • Meaning of the term ‘Constitution’. Making of the Indian Constitution 1946-1950.

Unit-II:

  • The democratic institutions created by the constitution Bicameral system of Legislature at the Centre and in the States.

Unit-III:

  • Fundamental Rights and Duties their content and significance.

Unit – IV:

  • Directive Principles of States Policies the need to balance Fundamental Rights with Directive Principles.

Unit – V:

  • Special Rights created in the Constitution for: Dalits, Backwards, Women and Children and the Religious and Linguistic Minorities.

Unit-VI:

  • Doctrine of Separation of Powers legislative, Executive and Judicial and their functioning in India.

Unit – VII:

  • The Election Commission and State Public Service commissions.

Unit – VIII:

  • Method of amending the Constitution.

Unit – IX:

  • Enforcing rights through Writs:

Unit – X:

  • Constitution and Sustainable Development in India.

 

Environment Science and Health

  • Introduction to Environment and Health
    • Sources, health hazards and control of environmental pollution
    • Water
    • The concept of safe and wholesome water.
    • The requirements of sanitary sources of water.
    • Understanding the methods of purification of water on small scale and large scale.
    • Various biological standards, including WHO guidelines for third world countries.
    • Concept and methods for assessing quality of water.
    • Domestic refuse, sullage, human excreta and sewage their effects on environment and health, methods and issues related to their disposal.
    • Awareness of standards of housing and the effect of poor housing on health.
    • Role of arthropods in the causation of diseases, mode of transmission of arthropods borne diseases, methods of control

 

Basics in Computer Applications

The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of computer and its applications.

  • Introduction to Data processing :
    • Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. Getting data into / out of computers. Role of computers. What is Data processing? Application areas of computers involved in Data processing. Common activities in processing. Types of Data processing, Characteristics of information. What are Hardware and Software?
  • Hardware Concepts :
    • Architecture of computers, Classification of computers, Concept of damage. Types of storage devices. Characteristics of disks, tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network. Applications of networking concept of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care.
  • Concept of Software.
    • Classification of software : System software. Application of software. Operating system. Computer system. Computer virus. Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses. Computers in medical electronics. Basic Anatomy of Computers
  • Principles of programming
    • Computer application - principles in scientific research ; work processing, medicine, libraries, museum , education, information system.
  • Data processing
    • Computers in physical therapy - principles in EMG, Exercise testing equipment, Laser. Scheme of Examination For Medical Electronics Including Computer Applications.

 

Second Year

Radiotherapy- Part-I A

Fundamental Physics :

Applied Mathematics:

  • Elementary use of algebraic symbols and signs, Fractions & Decimals.
  • Indices: Power of 10 simple equations, Logarithms.
  • Fundamentals of Trigonometry
  • Fundamentals of Geometry, Application of similar Triangles in finding focal spot.
  • Divergence from a point source.
  • Graphical representation of a data – linear & semi log plot,
  • Measurement of angles. Geometry of triangles,
  • Proportion, Inverse square law, Elementary explanation of exponential law.

Electromagnetic Radiation, Atomic Structure and Radioactivity:

  • Electromagnetic waves and their properties, Inverse square law
  • The quantum theory of Radiation (Planck’s concept of quanta, Photon and its characteristic properties),
  • The electromagnetic spectrum, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence, Photoelectric emission, Photocell, Intensity and quality of electromagnetic radiation.
  • The structure of the Atom: Nucleus, Atomic number (Z), Mass number (A), Ionization & Excitation, Isotopes, And the Periodic Table.
  • Radioactivity, Properties of alpha, beta, gamma radiation, Radioactive transformation process (Radioactive displacement law), Radioactive decay (Radioactive disintegration law), decay constant, half-life, Units of Radioactivity
  • Radioactive nuclides in medicine
  • Radioactive disintegration process and radiation emission and daughter products.
  • Properties of radium and its daughter elements.
  • Radioactive equilibrium.
  • Production of artificial radioactive isotopes.
  • The principles of the nuclear reactor.
  • The curie and specific gamma ray emission.

Fundamental of Electricity (Basic of Electronics):

  • Electric charges and units of electric charge, Coulombs law, Electric induction, electric potential & potential difference, Capacitance and Capacitors, Resistance.
  • Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors, Electric current, Ohm’s law & Kirchoff’s law, circuit laws (Combination of Potential difference in series and parallel, meters, Electrical energy & Power, heating effect of a current.
  • The magnetic effects of an electric current (Electromagnetism), electromagnetic induction, Mutual induction and Self-induction.
  • Alternating current, The A.C. transformer theory, and construction, Types of transformers its practical aspects, Transformer losses and regulation and rating, Types of transformers used in X-ray equipment.
  • Thermionic emission. The vacuum diode, Variation of anode current with anode voltage and filament temperature in the vacuum diode, the effect of gas in the diode, the thermionic gas diode. Meaning of rectification (full wave & half wave rectification).
  • Principles of semiconductors, p-n junction diode, High voltage rectifier circuits (selfrectifying circuit, Half-wave pulsating voltage circuit, Full-wave pulsating voltage circuits, shock proofing. Advantages of semiconductor devices over thermionic devices

X-rays (Basics of Radiation Physics):

  • Conductivity of electricity through gases at low pressure, Cathode rays – production and properties. Sources of electrons (Discharge through gases, Thermionic emission and photoelectric emission), Discovery of an electron, Concept of electron volt.
  • Discovery of X-rays, Production & properties of X-rays. Bremstralung, Factors influencing the intensity and quality of X-rays, Construction and working of Modern Xray tube (fixed anode and rotatory anode tubes), The physics of X-spectra i.e., the spectrum of radiation from an X-ray tube (Continuous spectrum and line or characteristic spectrum), Factors upon which the X-ray emission depends, Soft and Hard X-rays, Distribution of X-rays in space, The diagnostic X-ray tubes (inserts and shields), filament design, anode design (fixed and rotatory), methods of cooling, Basic X-ray Circuit. Linear accelerator – Transmission Type Target.
  • Fine focus and large focus. Importance of Focal spot. Lione focus principle and shape of the anode surface, Anode heal effect.
  • Basic interactions between X-rays and matter: Coherent scattering, Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, Pair production and Photodisintegration, Attenuation and absorption, Reduction in intensity due to absorption and attenuation and the inverse square law (Exponential formula), Filtration, Attenuation coefficients and half value layer. Energy absorbed from X-rays, Factors affecting transmission of a homogenous beam through an object (geometry, thickness, wavelength of beam, composition of an object), Transmission of a heterogeneous X-rays beam, ï‚· Transmission of X-rays through body tissues: Relative amount of scattered radiation in an X-ray beam during its passage through a patient. The practical aspects of X-ray absorption and transmission in body tissues. The physics of the radiograph. The basic of the X-ray measurements,
  • The units of Exposure (Roentgen) and Absorbed dose (gray) and their simple principles of dosimeters. The fluorescent effect of X-rays. The photographic film as a dosimeter, X-ray quality specification and measurement, Kilo voltage peak, half value thickness. Routine methods of checking quality. Definition of KERMA.
  • Dosimeteric quantities (mean energy imparted, the specific energy, exposure and exposure rate, absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate, concept of karma, ï‚· Protection quantities (dose equivalent and effective dose equivalent) and Definition of Rem & Sievert.
  • Linear Energy Transfer (LET) - Low & High LET Radiation.

 

Radiotherapy-Part- I B

Section-A

A. Radiation Biology

  • The Physics and Chemistry of Radiation Absorption
  • DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations
  • Cell Survival curves
  • Dose response relationship for normal tissues
  • Oxygen Effect and reoxygenation
  • Linear Energy transfer and Relative Biologic Effectiveness
  • Time, Dose and Fractionation in Radiotherapy
  • New Radiation Modalities
  • Acute Effects of Total Body Irradiation
  • Radiation Carcinogenisis, Hereditary Effects,
  • Effects on Embryo and Foetus, Catractogenisis
  • Radiation Protection
  • The Cell cycle, effects of radiation on the normal cell and abnormal cell.
  • Radio sensitivity of normal and tumours cells,

B. Applied Anatomy & Pathology 

Tumours, Definition, formation of tumours, characteristics of benign and malignant tumours, spread of tumours. Types of benign tumours, Types of malignant tumours

  • Epidemiology
  • Aetiology
  • Carcinogensis
  • Characteristic of neoplasia (Natural History)
  • Histological classification of neoplasia
  • Spread of neoplasia
  • Staging and grading systems

Pathology of Common Malignant Disease of Individual Sites (In Brief)

  • Skin cancer
  • Head and neck tumours
  • Brain tumours
  • GI tract tumors (oesophagus, rectum, and anus)
  • Lung cancer
  • Lymphomas
  • Breast cancer
  • Gynecological cancers
  • Prostate cancer
  • Bladder cancer
  • Seminoma
  • Pediatric Tumours and others

Section-B

Principles of Radiotherapy:

  • Basics of Oncology : Multidisciplinary approach to the management of the Cancer Patient: - Radiation Therapy, Surgery and Chemotherapy.
  • Development of neoplasia within the patient
  • Clinical signs and symptoms of neoplasia,
  • Physical effects of neoplasia on the body
  • Staging of Cancer (TNM classification).
  • External Beam Therapy & Brachytherapy: Rationale, Preparation of Patient, Techniques,
  • Dose, Volume, Time, Fractionation, Simulation, Reduplication of Treatment, Results, Survival.
  • Altered Fractionation Schedules
  • Acute and Late Effects of Radiation Therapy
  • Care & assistance during Sedation / Anesthesia
  • Physical effects of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and other treatments, in combination and alone on the body.
  • Prevention and treatment of the acute side effects of radiotherapy and associated treatments
  • Complications associated with cancer and its treatment, Causes of death

Practicals :

Radiotherapy –I .

Practice Of Radiation Therapy Techniques

Note: (E) Denotes Practical Prescribed in University Examinations.

  • Mould Room (E)
    • Equipments
    • Preparation of
      • Plaster of Paris cast
      • Perspex cast
      • Orifit / Aquaplast immobilization cast and others
      • Shield (use of Styrofoam Cutter)
      • Tissue Compensators
      • Electron Lead Cutout
      • Mouth Bite
      • Computerized Tissue Compensator Preparation (optional)
  • Teletherapy & Brachytherapy Treatment planning: (E)
    • Iso-dose plotting
    • Studying of dose distribution to tumor and Normal tissues
    • Calculations of Teletherapy & Brachytherapy treatment time.
    • 3D Planning (optional)
    • Use of Computers and TPS
  • Simulation equipment parts, operation, principles: (E) Simulation of: -
    • AP/PA portals for pelvis in cancer cervix with SSD Techniques.
    • Simulation of four fields of pelvis in cancer cervix with SAD Technique.
    • Simulation of oblique fields for cancer oesophogus with SAD Techniques.
    • Simulation of tangential field of a case of Ca. Breast
    • Simulation of whole Brain Irradiation
    • Routine X-ray Chest, Abdomen, Extremities & Patient Positioning and decubitus.
    • Barium Swallow Radiology Technique, Barium meal, Barium follow through
    • Intravenous pyelography
    • CT Simulation
  • Radiation Safety and Protection (E)
  • Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy (E)

 

Third Year

1.Radiotherapy- Part-II A

Radiation Physics

Principles of Radiation detection and measurement:

Gas-filled detectors (ion chambers, proportional counters and Geiger Muller counters) scintillation detectors, thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD). Reasons for choice of airionization. Roentgen and Rad. Simple principles of dosimeters. Thimble chamber – electronic equilibrium and dose buildup. Secondary Dosimeter. Elementary principles of Scintillation detectors, Thermoluminisence dosimeters, Semi conductor devices.

Biological Effects of Radiation:

Chemical effects of Radiation, radiolysis of water, production of free radicals, radical’s reactions, G-valve. Effects - Stochastic and non-stochastic effects, chromosome aberrations and mutations. Radiation effects on whole body (early effects and late effects). Concept of doubling dose.

Radiation Protection:

Philosophy of radiation protection – historical development, Maximum permissible exposure concept; Annual dose equivalent limits (ADEL) ALARA concept; international recommendations and current code of practice. Annual dose limits for public & Radiation workers. Protection of Public and Radiation workers. Protective materials: Concrete, lead, lead – impregnated substances, building materials, concept of barriers, lead equivalents and variations with quality.

Teletherapy Bunker (Room) Design (Telecobalt, Linear Accelerator). Radiation protection features taking into account the work load, use factor, occupancy factor. Wall features with respect to primary beam and secondary radiation. Ceiling thickness depending on occupancy on the floor above Teletherapy room. Positioning of Air conditioning outlets.

Design of Brachytherapy room: difference between public area and restricted areas. Radioactive source movement, control and maintenance of records. Protection instruments and personnel and area monitoring. (Survey meters, area monitors, pocket dosimeters and contamination monitors).

Production of X- and Gamma Ray Beams for Therapeutic purposes:

  • Tubes and high-tension circuits for the production of X-ray from 5 to 500 curie Kv. Insulation and cooling problems in Radiotherapy tubes.
  • Mains voltage compensation. Control of tube voltage.
  • The control panel and control. The filament circuit.
  • Timers safety devices and interlocks,
  • Basic principles of mega voltage X-ray Machines.
  • Distribution of Radiation around the target.
  • Gamma ray beam unit.

Interaction of X and Gamma Rays with Matter:

  • Photoelectric absorption; Compton scattering; pair production. Dependence on the nature and atomic number of the absorber and on the radiation energy.
  • Range of secondary electron and its practical importance.
  • Principles of filtration, protection and beam definition.
  • Filters, beam – flattening devices, diaphragms and applicators.

Measurement of X and Gamma Rays:

  • The roentgen and the rad,
  • Quality. Half value thickness and its measurement,
  • Methods of measurement; ionization; photographic; scintillation; calorimetric; thermo luminescent, their relative advantages.
  • Ionization dosimeters; dose – rate, integrating and capacitor types.
  • The Geiger – Muller counter.
  • Scintillation counters and dosimeters.

Practical Dosage Measurements and Calculation:

  • Initial calibration. Site of focal spot or source; alignment of applicator or diaphragm turntable and of the applicator of diaphragm.
  • Variation of dose rate across the beam in air.
  • Phantoms and phantom materials. Bolus materials.
  • Air, surface and depth doses; factors affecting them.
  • Calculation of treatment times.
  • Isodose curves.
  • The effect of focal spot or surface source site; penumbra.
  • Energy absorption in the body tissues and its effects on depth dose.

Protection:

  • Protective materials in common use,
  • Room and machine radiation – protection in X- and Gamma – ray beam installations,
  • Care and custody of small sealed radioactive sources (for example radium, caesium- 137, Strontium 90).
  • Precautions to be taken in the use of dispensing of radioactive solutions.
  • Personnel-monitoring methods. Department survey. Film badges, capacitor chambers and survey meters. Geiger-Muller detector.
  • Relevant protection recommendations and current code of practice

Technical aspects of X and Gamma Ray Therapy:

  • Tumour location and verification, principles of simulators,
  • Field combinations and treatment planning,
  • Beam direction devices,
  • Compensating filters (for example wedges)
  • Physical principles of moving field and grid therapy,
  • Special aspects of Radiotherapy using mega voltage radiations, including electron beam therapy.

Clinical Dosimetry for Photon and Electron Beams

  • Dose distribution along beam axis
  • Dose distribution off axis
  • Variation of dose rate with distance and collimator settings
  • Manual calculation of treatment times
  • Beam modifiers (bolus, wedge, compensators)
  • Computer dose calculations
  • Definition of volumes and their significance
  • Single, parallel and multi-field technique
  • Effect of change of energy, beam direction, beam collimation, irradiation
  • Geometry
  • Calculated and applied doses and beams against professional knowledge

External Beam Therapy

Radiation equipment

  • Principles and functioning of low energy x-rays
  • Principles and functioning of Tele-cobalt machines
  • Principles and functioning of linear accelerators

Dose delivery to the patient

  • Immobilisation of patient
  • Interpretation of the treatment prescription and plan
  • Setting up of the prescribed beam parameters and check against reference marks
  • Preparation, fixation and care of in vivo dosimeters (if available)
  • Registration of the delivered beam parameters on a daily basis
  • Documentation of portal verification and results of in vivo dosimetry
  • Surveying the patient during the treatment procedure

Special techniques

  • Total body irradiation
  • Hemi-body irradiation
  • Conformal Beam Radiation Therapy
  • Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy
  • Stereo tactic radiotherapy
  • Intra-operative radiotherapy
  • Image guided radiotherapy
  • Tomotherapy

Technical Aspects of the use of Radioactive Sources in the Body:

  • Construction, measurement, testing and properties of small sealed radioactive sources,
  • Dose calculations involving the inverse square law,
  • Physical principles of moulds and implants,
  • Superficial beta ray therapy. Measurement beta ray dose.
  • Clinical beta-ray appliances.
  • Physical principles of the clinical use of unsealed radioactive sources.

Construction of Cobalt –60 Teletherapy Units:

  • Types of source drawers (cylindrical/ Rotating Drum)
  • Isocentric Setup and design of the Unit
  • Collimation: Primary, secondary & tertiary
  • Laser beam, Beam direction devices, back pointer, pin & arc principles.
  • Beam modifying devices: Wedge Filters, Tissue compensators.
  • Blocks, Breast cone.
  • Radiation safety aspect
  • Understanding why strength of Teletherapy source at a given distance, definition of RHM / RMM

Construction of Linear Accelerator

  • Isocentric Setup and design of the Unit
  • Collimation: Primary, secondary & tertiary, Symmetric/Asymmetric.
  • RF production, Accelerator Tube, Bending Magnets
  • Targets of X-ray and Electron beam production
  • Radiation safety aspect: Ionization chamber, quality assurance checks.
  • Definition of TMR, TPR with respect to high energy x-ray beams
  • Concept of monitoring units instead of timer as in Telecobalt
  • Measurement of out put factor and it calibration
  • Multileaf collimator: 3D conformal /
  • Sterotactic Radiation therapy & Surgery/IMRT.
  • Portal imaging/IGRT.

Brachytherapy

  • Knowledge of use of radionuclides and after loading equipment (low, medium, high and pulsed dose rate)
  • Preparation of the source holders (applicators, catheters)
  • Preparation of the patient including radiographs for dosimetry and preparation of the moulds
  • Monitoring of the patient before, during and after treatment
  • Accurate and complete recording of documentation of all the parameters relevant to the treatment
  • Aftercare of the used radioactive sources with emphasis on safety
  • Clinical Dosimetry for Brachytherapy

Other Treatment Modalities

  • Gene therapy
  • Photodynamic therapy
  • Unsealed radioactive nuclides
  • Radiation enhancers - hypothermia, radiosensitisers

Localisation and Simulation

  • Principles and functioning of simulators
  • Patient positioning, knowledge of fixation techniques
  • Knowledge of simulation techniques for a broad range of indications and use of contrast media
  • Contour taking techniques and reference marking
  • Use of CT and MR images
  • Data recording and transfer

Quality Assurance - Methods

  • Equipment and auxiliary materials (to include care of)
  • Treatment procedures - accuracy, reproducibility and verification
  • Data handling
  • Monitoring and evaluation of QA procedures
  • Calibration of instruments
  • Emergency procedures

Mould Room Techniques

  • Immobilization Devices & techniques for patients and their preperation
  • Beam shaping devices (block, compensators etc.) and their preperation
  • Bolus material and their preparation
  • Moulds for Brachytherapy

Basic Radiaologic Imaging Techniques

  • Radio logic Film – types, exposure, development
  • Production of Radiographic Image using simulator, CT Scanner or conventional x-ray machines
  • Improving Image Quality
  • Fluoroscopy
  • Dark Room Procedures

 

Third Year

2.Radiotherapy- Part-II B

Principles and Practice of Radio Therapy

Sec A 1. Diagnostic Workup and Treatment principles and Radiotherapy Techniques.

A Radiotherapeutic Management of the following Cancer and occasional Benign

  • Diseases
  • Skin cancer
  • Head and neck tumours
  • Brain tumours
  • GI tract tumors (oesophagus, rectum, anus)
  • Lung cancer
  • Lymphomas
  • Breast cancer
  • Gynecological cancers
  • Prostate cancer
  • Bladder cancer
  • Seminoma
  • Pediatric Malignancies

B. Clinical applications of techniques of Radiotherapy:

  • Teletherapy techniques
    • use of conventional fields SSD, SAD , Rotation
    • use of complex treatment plans – quality assurances, verification etc
    • use of radiation sensitizers & radiation protectors and their importance with respect to timing of the radiotherapy exposure
    • patient positioning, immobilization, daily reproduction errors and corrections
  • Combination of Teletherapy and Brachytherapy
  • Post & Pre operative Radiotherapy
  • Special Techniques : 3D Conformal RT, IMRT , SRS/SRT -
    • Patient setup, Immobilization
    • Simulation / CT Simulation and Verification with quality assurance checks
    • Use of Immobilization devices & Frames – careful handling
    • Daily reproduction and quality assurances
    • Port filming and isocentre verification

C. Clinical applications of Special teletherapy techniques.

  • Total body irradiation
  • Hemi-body irradiation
  • Conformal Beam Radiation Therapy
  • Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy
  • Stereo tactic radiotherapy
  • Intra-operative radiotherapy
  • Image guided radiotherapy
  • Tomotherapy

Sec- B

Psychosocial Management

  • Procedures for adaptation and rehabilitation of the person with cancer- Body Mechanics, Moving & Transferring Patients- Patients with Spinal cord injury, Fractured Extremity, Agitated & Confused patients
  • Pediatric , Geriatric Patients.
  • Patient with Ostomy, Gastric tube, Tracheotomy.
  • Assisting with Drug and Contrast Administration,
  • Counseling skills
  • Role of effective communication
  • Complementary therapies
  • Stress and stress management
  • Hospice and terminally ill

3.Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Of Research

  • Basic statistics, Interpretation of Research Publications
  • Report writing

4.Medical, Legal and Ethical Aspects

  • Getting the consent of the patient
  • Confidentiality, Data handling and information control
  • Non-discriminatory practice
  • The professional role of the Radiotherapy technologists

5.Health and Safety

  • Waste management and source Disposal
  • Legislation: National and international
  • Health and safety at work
  • Emergency procedures
  • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures (CPR)
  • Self Help Groups & NGO`s and other organizations funding agencies

6. Recent Advances in Radiotherapy.

  • 3D CRT, IMRT, Particle Beam Therapy, IGRT, Radiation Sensitizer and Protectors, Cyber Knife, Tomotherapy, Gamma Knife

Practicals:

Radiotherapy-II

Note: (E) Denotes Practical Prescribed in University Examinations.

  • 1. Cobalt-60 machine: various parts, its working its Accessories, Beam Direction devices and control console. (E)
  • 2. Linear Accelerator: Various parts, it’s working its Accessories, Beam Direction devices and control console. (E)
  • 3. Simulation and Treatment Techniques (E)

Execution of Treatment as Per Doctors Prescription in radiation therapy chart Abilty to understand the, patients disease, patients general condition, shifting the patient into treatment room & couch, patient positioning, use of immobilization devices and preparation of the same, verification and quality assurances aling

  • Cancer Oesophogus
  • Cancer Cervix
  • Cancer Breast
  • Glottic cancer
  • Nasopharyngeal cancer
  • Brochogenic cancer
  • Whole Brain
  • Cranio-Spinal Axis Irradiation (optional)
  • Irregular Field (including Mantel Field)
  • Special Techniques (Rotation/ Arc etc.)
  • Newer Techniques (optional)

Brachytherapy:

  • Manual after loading applicators: Various types: I/c, I/Vaginal, I/L Principles, its care, sterilization, uses, safety measures.
  • (Optional) Remote After Loading machines, - LDR / HDR: Parts, working, operation and precautions.
  • Various after loading sources for Interstitial Implantation: Physical features.
  • Preparation of Radioactive Source for Brachytherapy
  • I/c application cancer cervix. Application, simulation study of dose distribution, preparation of sources, loading of sources and treatment and care and removal and storage of sources.(E)
  • I/L Radiotherapy application. Application, simulation, study of dose distribution, preparation of sources, loading of sources and treatment and care and removal and storage of sources.
  • Advanced Training
    • Dynamic Wedges
    • Stereo Tactic Radiotherapy / Surgery
    • 3D CRT
    • IMRT
    • Portal Imaging Method
    • HDR Brachytherapy

Section-IV

Clinical Training

Content and purpose

The clinical component has been designed to complement the academic program and runs throughout the course. The placements have to be designed so that the students will be able to observe the practical application of the academic course wherever possible. Content can be tailored to meet either National or Local needs as is deemed to be most appropriate.

1ST Year: Introduction to the Hospital Setting

The purpose of this phase is:

(i) For the students to become familiar with some of the practical applications of the academic course,

(ii) To introduce the wider hospital setting,

(iii) To help the students to identify the various disciplines within a hospital, their role and the importance of cooperation,

(iv) To introduce patients in a clinical setting and begin to acquire basic communication skills.

2ND Year: Skills Necessary to Work in a Hospital

To be completed very early in the training. The following procedures will be demonstrated to the students who will be expected to observe or participate as appropriate. General procedures to be observed when patients attend for appointment:

  • Lifting and moving techniques
  • Administration of bedpans, vomit bowls, etc.
  • Care and management of drugs in the hospital setting Correct procedures when dealing with patients with infectious diseases
  • Universal precautions Correct procedures when dealing with immuno-compromised patients:
  • Hygiene practices,
  • Simple dressings,
  • Sterile procedures,
  • Oxygen administration.
  • Care of patients with:
    • breathing difficulties,
    • terminal illness,
    • mental impairment,
    • physical disability.
    • Special care of the geriatric and pediatric patient.
    • Stoma care.
    • Handling of patients with bone metastases.
    • Care of the patient following an anaesthetic.
    • Care of lines in the incubated patient.
    • Communication skills with patients and relatives
    • Terminally ill and Hospice

2ND & 3RD Year : Skills Related To Working In A Radiotherapy Department

Introduction to the Radiotherapy Department. Time will be spent on each unit within the department. The purpose of this phase is to:-

In the Department:

  • Familiarize the students with the different units within the department and the procedures carried out on each unit.
  • Enable the student to recognize and relate to the basic terminology introduced in the academic program.
  • Help to establish a sense of identity within the student group and to understand the role of the RTT in the management of cancer.
  • Introduce the students to the staff of the department.
  • Help the student to understand team roles.
  • Familiarize the students with written QA programs within the department.

Equipment’s and integration:

  • Begin to become competent in the manipulation of the radiotherapy equipment.
  • Be able to communicate effectively with patients.
  • Begin to integrate into the department as part of the radiotherapy and multidisciplinary teams.
  • Begin to empathize with patients and to appreciate their own feelings in the clinical situation.
  • Being able to handle and achieve proficiency in Mould room techniques.

Safety & Precautions in Practice:

  • Identifying the functions on the pedestal/handset and safely operating these on the treatment units.
  • Identifying the functions on a control panel, indicating their purpose and safely using these when appropriate.
  • Safely using the accessory equipment in the correct context.
  • Correctly and safely using equipment related to patient immobilization.
  • Identifying, locating, understanding and safely using the radiation protection features incorporated in the treatment areas, e.g. Door interlocks, visible and audible warning signs, primary and secondary barriers, etc.
  • Setting up single and parallel opposed fields under supervision.
  • Assisting in the set up of multi field techniques.
  • Identifying the cassettes and films commonly used for localization and verification on the simulator and treatment units.
  • Demonstrating the correct procedure for developing films (daylight processing and dark room practice) and correctly unloading and reloading cassettes.

To Achieve Clinical Competence

The purpose of this phase is for the students to:

  • Demonstrate competence in the manipulation of radiotherapy equipment.
  • Demonstrate an ability to anticipate the physical and psychological needs of the cancer patient and respond to them.
  • Demonstrate the ability to communicate with ease with other staff involved in the multidisciplinary treatment of the cancer patient.
  • Increasingly participate as a team member in all aspects of the patient’s management in radiotherapy in preparation to work as a qualified radiation therapist.
  • Demonstrate competence in simulator procedures.
  • Acquire basic computer skills.
  • Participate in the development/revision of formal written quality assurance procedures/programme.
  • Set up a patient on their first visit.

To Achieve Final Competency Substantial Time Will Be Spent:

  • Setting up multi field techniques under supervision.
  • Participating in the quality control procedures in the department in accordance with the protocols.
  • Simulating and localizing a target volume.
  • Describing the purpose of health and safety and ionizing radiation regulations.
  • Discussing the role of local rules and outline those in place in the different departments.

Graded Responsibility (structured Training Schedule)

  • 1 Year: Theory classes, observation in treatment planning and treatment execution .
  • II year: Theory classes, Participation in OPD, Mould room techniques, Treatment planning, treatment execution under the supervision of consultant, Senior RTT, Project Work.
  • III Year: Theory classes, Participation in OPD, Treatment planning and execution under supervision of Consultant & Senior RTT. Submission of Project work, Mould Room Techniques, Quality Assurance.

Rotation Posting

Students may be posted to other relevant departments or other centers with better and latest equipment’s for a minimum period of 1 to 2 months, for completion of training in recent advances in the Specialty. The student on completion of the training shall submit a report duly signed by the concerned department to the HOD Radiotherapy/ Radiation Oncology.