Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Courses

M.D. (General Medicine)

Course Duration

Duration: 3 years Residency program

Scope of Training

Diseases related to general medicine, relevant radiology techniques, emergency and intensive care management, maintaining records, use of computers and basic research. Patient care in the settings of outdoor, day care, indoor, emergency and intensive/ critical care.

Course Contents

• Knowledge
  • Applied basic science knowledge
  • Diseases with reference to General Medicine (appendix -1)
  • Recent advances
  • Biostatistics and clinical epidemiology
• Skills
  • Decision making
  • Diagnostic investigation and procedures
  • Monitoring seriously ill patients
  • Counseling patients and relatives
  • Ability to teach undergraduate students
  • Ability to carry out research

Teaching & Learning Activities

• Ward/OPD patient management
• Long and short topic presentations
• Ward rounds, case presentations and discussions
• Clinico-radiological and clinico-pathological conferences
• Journal conferences
• PG Case presentation clinics
• Research review
• In-house and guest lectures
• Conferences, symposia, seminars and CMEs
• Participations in workshops, updates, conferences
• Teaching undergraduates
• Use and maintenance of biomedical equipments

Structured Training Programme

Broadly conceived:

First Year Residency:

• Outpatients/inpatients care
• Managing medical emergencies
• Learning diagnostic/ therapeutic procedures and interventions
• Interpreting Reports
• Starting Dissertation
• Use of computers in medicine

Second Year Residency:

• Outpatients/inpatients care
• Rotation (six months to one year) in existing allied specialities such as Cardiology, Neurology, Endocrinology, Hematology, Nephrology and MICU.
• Conducting medical procedures independently.
• Continuation of dissertation work.

3) Third Year Residency:-

• Out-patients and in-patients care
• Independent management of emergencies
• Teaching junior Residents / under-graduate students enrolled in the subject
• Finalisation and submission of dissertation.

Dissertation

• The topic should be assigned to the student by the end of 6th month of enrollment.
• The topic should be communicated to the MUHS through Head of Department and Head of Institution by 7th month of enrollment.
• The duration of the study shall be upto 17 months.
• The last date of submission of the completed dissertation to the MUHSshould be six months prior to the date of commencement of the degreeexamination.

Evaluations

Regular evaluation of the postgraduate will be carried out by assessment of postgraduate activity like case presentation, seminars etc. (appendix-2) and evaluation at the end of each clinical posting including superspeciality postings. (appendix- 3). The overall performance has to be to the satisfaction of the HOD for recommendation of candidature for MD examinations.

Detail of Appendix-1

Diseases in General Medicine

Haematology

• Red cell disorders
  • Approach to a patient with anemia, nutritional, iron deficiency, aplastic, megaloblastic, haemolytic anemia, (special emphasis on thalassemia & sickle cell anemia), hereditary spherocytosis, anemia of chronic disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuina, myelodysplastic syndromes, iron overload, and sideroblastic anaemias.
• White cell disorders
  • Eosinophilia, febrile neutropenia, approach to a patient with splenomegaly & lymphadenopathy, lymphomas, multiple myeloma & related plasma cell disorders, leukemias , hairy cell leukemia.
• Bleeding & coagulation disorders
  • Approach and investigations in patients with bleeding disorders, hemophilia, von willebrand’s disease, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, vascular purpuras, henochschonlein purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, anticoagulant and anti-platelet therapy.
• Miscellaneous
  • Approach to a patient with thrombosis, blood groups, transfusion related diseases, blood transfusion reactions, blood component therapy, hematological manifestations of systemic diseases, drug induced hematological disorders, hypersplenism, chemotherapy, bone narrow transplantation, thrombophilias, platelet function disorders, estimation of hemoglobin/ total and differential white cell count/ erythrocyte sedimentation rate, preparation and staining of blood smears.

Endocrine

• Disorders of glucose metabolism
  • Glucose metabolism, physiology of insulin & glucagon secretion, glucose tolerance test, diabetes mellitus, insulin preparations, hypoglycemia, glycosuria of causes other than diabetes mellitus, glucagon secreting tumors.
• Thyroid gland & its disorders
  • Iodine metabolism, anatomy & physiology of thyroid gland, thyroid function tests, goiter, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, myxedema, cretinism, thyroid carcinoma, other rare syndromes of thyroid dysfunction.
• Disorders of anterior pituitary
  • Anatomy & physiology of various hormones & their regulation, acromegaly, gigantism, sheehan’s syndrome.
• Disorders of posterior pituitary
  • Anatomy and physiology, diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion, obesity.
• Disorders of adrenal cortex
  • Regulation of secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids & adrenal sex hormones, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma.
• Miscellaneous
  • Dwarfism, Frohlich’s syndrome, Lawrence Moon Biedel syndrome, anorexia nervosa & bulimia, hypothalmus in health & disease, Conn’s disease, gynaecomastia, non-puerperal galactorrhoea, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, hirsutism, adreno-genital syndromes, disorders of sexual differentiation.

Cardio–Vascular System

• ECG & it’s interpretation, diagnosis of arrhythmias & their management, ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, rheumatic fever & rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart diseases, heart failure, pericardial diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, deep vein thrombosis, cardiomyopathies, principles of echocardiography & abnormalities in common disorders, pacemakers, nuclear medicine in cardio-vascular disorders, tumors of the heart, aneurysm & dissection of the aorta, thoracic outlet syndrome, cardiac catheterisation, cardiac interventions.

Respiratory System

• Approach to a patient of respiratory system involvement, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gases, bronchoscopy, imaging studies, pulmonary angiography, therapeutic interventions: pulmonary artery embolisation/ video assisted thoracic surgery/thoracotomy/ mediastinoscopy, diseases of the upper airway including avian influenza, bronchial asthma, occupational lung diseases, pneumoconioses, organic dusts & environmental carcinogens, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, obstructive airways diseases, interstitial lung diseases, diseases of the pleura: effusion/ pneumothorax/ empyema/haemothorax, air pollution, respiratory failure, adult respiratory distress syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), mechanical ventilation, mediastinal diseases, infections including tuberculosis, tumors, primary and metastatic carcinomas, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonias, pulmonary hypertension, sleep apnea, pulmonary thromboembolism, lung transplant.

Nervous System

• Investigations: lumbar puncture/ cerebrospinal fluid examination/electroencephalography/ evoked potentials/ nerve conduction studies/ electro-myography/imaging studies/ angiography, migraine, seizures/ epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases, sub-arachnoid haemorrhage, dementia, extra pyramidal disorders, Parkinson’s disease, motor neurone disease, disorders of cranial nerves, meniers syndrome, benign positional vertigo, diseases of the spinal cord, cranio-vertebral anomalies, tumors of the nervous system, demyelinating diseases, meningitis, infections of nervous system, nutritional and metabolic disorders, central pontine myelinolysis, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, alcoholic cerebral degeneration, pellagra, subacute combined degeneration, polyneuropathies, acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies, diabetic neuropathies, mononeuritis multiplex, mononeuropathy, leprosy, neuromuscular junction disorders including myasthenia gravis, myopathies (hereditary/ endocrine/ metabolic/ thyroid diseases/ parathyroid diseases/ diabetes mellitis), periodic paralysis, approach to a patient paralysis, dizziness & vertigo, diplopia, syncope and transient loss of consciousness, involuntary movements, delerium, ataxia, parasthesias & sensory loss, unconsciousness, bowel & bladder abnormalities, progressive supranuclear palsy, dystonia, spinocerebeller ataxia, drug induced movement disorders, inherited ataxia, traumatic injuries, subdural & epidural hematoma, radiation & chemotherapy in treatment of nervous system tumours, subdural empyema, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis, progressive rubella, panencephalitis, kuru, molecular treatment of neurological disorders, disorders of the autonomic nervous system, details of traumatic injuries to skull & spine, hereditary & metabolic disorders of late onset, mitochondrial myopathies, lipid storage disorders.

Infectious Diseases

• Sepsis syndromes, pyrexia of unknown origin, infective endocarditis, acute infectious diarrhoeal diseases & food poisoning, infections of the urinary tract, infections of skin/muscle/ soft tissues, infections in intravenous drug abusers, hospital acquired infections, infection control in hospital, bacterial infections, specific infections: pneumococcal/staphyloccal/ tetanus/ streptococcal/ diphtheria/ botulism/ gas gangrene/ meningococcal/gonococcal/ salmonella/ shigella/ vibrio cholera/ brucella/ plague/ syphilis/ mycobacteria/leptospira/ mycoplasma/ pseudomonas/ helicobacter pylori, viruses: herpes/ varicella/ebstein barr virus/ cytomegalo virus/ rabies/ respiratory viruses/ influenza/ measles/mumps/ rubella/ arboviruses, fungal: candidiasis/ aspergillosis/ mucormycosis, parasites:ameobiasis/ giardiasis/ pneumocystis carinii/ malaria/ leishnianiasis/ cryptosporidium/microspondium/ isospora/ filariasis/ neurocysticerosis/ worm infestations, tropical diseases, pancreatitis, osteomyelitis, infections due to bites/ scratches/ burns, tularemia, pertussis, bartonellosis, arenaviruses, moraxella, legionella, nocardia, actinomycetes, borellia, chlamydiae, rickettsia, newer emerging infections: avian influenza, chikungunya, others. HIV/AIDS: Aetiology & pathogenesis, clinical presentations, modes of transmission, universal precautions, opportunistic infections, management and treatment of the disease, opportunistic infections, complications, anti-retroviral therapy, prophylaxis: post exposure and of opportunistic infections, recent advances, historical record.

Hepato-Biliary System

• Liver function tests, jaundice, hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, hematemesis, amoebic hepatitis, granulomatous hepatitis, hydatid cyst, primary and metastic  carcinomas, liver transplant, gall bladder diseases: cholelithiasis/cholecystitis/ diseases of bile-duct/ cholangiocarcinoma.

Gastrointestenal Tract

• Peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, endoscopy, radiological procedures, infections, inflammatory bowel disease, functional gut disorders, motility disorders, malabsorption syndromes, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, malignancy.

Kidney

• Renal failure, renal replacement therapies, hematuria, proteinuria, polyuria, oliguria, anuria, contrast nephropathy, urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndromes, tubulo-interstitial diseases, kidney in systemic diseases, tumours of the urinary tract, renal calculous disease, barter’s syndrome, fabry’s disease, malignancy.

Geriatric Medicine

• Theories of ageing, demographic patterns (world / Asia / India) and their significance to health care system, physiological changes in the elderly, diseases in elderly, pharmacotherapy in the elderly, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychotherapy, legal aspects (elderly abuse), psychiatric illnesses in elderly population, geriatric assessment, geriatric emergencies.

Granulomatous Diseases

• Tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, histoplasmosis, coccidoidomycosis, mucocutaneous leishmeniasis, midline granuloma, lymphomatous granuloma, pseudotumor of the orbit.

Ethical & Legal Issues In Medicine

• Importance and procedures of informed consent, emergency & life saving intervention & treatment, information to be given to patient & relatives, rights of patients including confidentiality, withdrawing life support systems, organ transplant from cadaver, euthanasia, consumers protection act, clinical decisions for a patient who lacks decision of signing of will, ethics committee & its role in medical research, procedures (medico legal) followed in cases of poisoning, suspected rape, adverse reaction to drugs and interventions, absconded patients, in-hospital injuries and suicide, treatment of pregnant patients with drug and interventions likely to cause fetal harm, cloning, stem cells usage and preservation, crimes performed by addicts.

Poisonings

• Diagnosis and management of specific and unknown poisonings, universal & specific antidotes, acids and alkalis, kerosene, petroleum products, organophosphates and carbamates, household disinfectants, mosquito repellants, aluminium phosphide, zinc phosphide, yellow phosphorus, heavy metals, paracetamol, barbiturates, snake and scorpion bites, botulism, drug over-dosages, international classification of poisonous chemicals, environmental hazards and poisonings, industrial toxicology, toxidromes, nuclear, biological, chemical warfare.

Pregnancy Medicine

• Maternal & foetal physiology, principles of maternal morbidity & fetal outcome, medical disorders during pregnancy, infections in pregnancy, metabolic disorders, hyponatremia, thyroid disorder, hypertension and eclampsia, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, diabetes, valvular heart disease, bronchial asthma, cardiomyopathies, jaundice, HIV/AIDS, hypercoagulable state and its sequelae and complications, cortical venous sinus thrombosis in pregnancy, post partum sepsis, aminotic fluid embolisation, Epilepsy, drugs in pregnancy, poisonings in pregnancy, smoking, alcoholism, surgery and pregnancy, psychiatric diseases in pregnancy, medical disorders and infertility, genetic disorders & genetic counseling, ethical issues in pregnancy (brain death).

Radiology

• Roengenograms of chest/ abdomen/ spine/ skull/ paranasal sinuses/ bones and joints, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imagings, angiography, digital substraction angiography, imaging techniques for hepatobiliary system, barium studies, intravenous urography, scintigraphy, radionuclide imaging of kidney/ bone/heart/ liver/ lung/ gall bladder/ thyroid/ parathyroid/ whole body, echocardiography, ventriculography, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, lymphangiography, cardiac catheterization, ultrasound, color doppler, developing and newer imaging techniques.

Disorders Bone & Mineral Metabolism

• Calcium and phosphorous homeostasis, parathroid gland disorders, vitamin-D in health & disease, metabolic bone disease, osteoprosis, osteomalacia, endocrine hormonal influences on bone metabolism, phosphorus metabolism, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia, disorders of magnesium metabolism, Pãget’s disease of bone, osteomyelitis, bone dysplasias, osteoarthritis, spondylosis, bone in systemic diseases.

Immunology

• Normal immune system and its functions, hypersensitivity reactions, T-cell mediated diseases, mechanism of tissue damage, cytokine mediated injury, cytokine inhibitors, interaction of T and B cells, complement system, apoptosis, immunotherapy, immunomodulators, immunosuppressive agents, monoclonal antibodies, stem cell transplant in immune disorders, HLA system, primary immune deficiency diseases, amyloidosis, disorders of immediate type hypersensitivity, biological response modifiers, immunologically mediated skin disorders.

Rheumatology

• Pathophysiology of inflammation, autoantibody revelance in disease processes, rheumatoid arthritis including extra-articular manifestations, glucocorticoid therapy in connective tissue diseases, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), organ targeted therapy, vasculitides, ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg Strauss disease, Takayasu’s arteritis, cutaneous vasculitis, imaging techniques in systemic vasculitis, approach to acute and chronic monoarthritis & polyarthritis, diagnostic imaging in joint disease, crystal arthropathies, gout, infectious arthritis, infections in patients with connective tissue diseases, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APLA), drug induced rheumatic diseases, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, fibromyalgias, haemophilic arthropathy, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, overlap syndromes, sjogrens syndrome, calcium oxalate deposition disease, psoriatic arthritis, neuropathic joint disease, osteoarthritis.

Fluid& Electrolyte

• Choice of intravenous fluids, plasma expanders, potassium/ calcium/ sodium/magnesium/ phosphate disorders, acid base balance and disorders.

Critical Care

• Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, non-invasive and invasive cardiovascular monitoring, circulatory failure, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, respiratory failure, pulmonary aspiration, nosocomial pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, toxicology, renal failure, status epilepticus, Guillian Barre syndrome, myaesthenia, use of blood products, intravenous immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, hyperthermia, hypothermia, diabetic ketoacidosis, addisonian crisis, myxedema coma, endotrachial intubation, pacemakers, strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhage, near-drowning, circulatory and ventilatory support in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma, obstructive airways disease, renal replacement therapy.

Emergency Medicine

• Basic and advanced life support, disaster management, use and maintenance of equipment used in life support, acute sever asthma, status epilepticus, poisonings, heart failure, shock, acute myocardial infarction, angina, arrhythmias, hypertensive emergencies, medical emergencies in pregnancy, gastro-intestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, acute gastroenteritis, hemoptyses, obstructive airways disease, tension pneumothorax, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, corpulmonale, stroke, sub-arachnoid haemorrhage, oliguria/ anuria, coma, pneumonia, meningitis, infections, sepsis syndromes, multi-organ failure, bleeding manifestations, endocrine emergencies, electric shock, poisonings, snakebite, scorpion stings, anaphylaxis, nuclear/ biological/ chemical exposures, toxidromes, rabies, burns, strangulation, interventions and procedures: mechanical ventilation/ temporary cardiac pacing/ invasive monitoring/ needle and tube thoracostomy/ cricothyrotomy.