Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Courses

M.D.S. (Community Dentistry)

Community Dentistry

Course Contents:

Paper I : Applied Basic Sciences

I. Applied Anatomy and Histology

• A. Applied Anatomy in relation to:
  • Development of face
  • Bronchial arches
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Muscles of mastication
  • TMJ
  • Salivary gland
  • Tongue
  • Salivary gland
  • Tongue
  • Hard and soft palate
  • Infratemporal fossa
  • Paranasal air sinuses
  • Pharynx and larynx
  • Cranial and spinal nerves- with emphasis on trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal  nerve
  • Osteology of maxilla and mandible
  • Blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage of head and neck
  • Lymph nodes of head and neck
  • Structure and relations of alveolar process and edentulous mouth
  • Genetics-fundamentals
• B. Oral Histology
  • Development of dentition, Innervations of dentin and pulp
  • Periodontium-development, histology, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage
  • Oral mucous membrane
  • Pulp-periodontal complex

II. Applied Physiology and Biochemistry:

• Cell
• Mastication and deglutition
• Food and nutrition
• Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
• Vitamins and minerals
• Fluid and electrolyte balance
• Pain pathway and mechanism-types, properties
• Blood composition and functions, clotting mechanism and erythropoiesis, Blood groups and transfusions, Pulse and blood pressure
• Dynamics of blood flow
• Cardiovascular homoeostasis-heart sounds
• Respiratory system: Normal Physiology and and variations in health and diseases, Asphyxia and artificial respiration
• Endocrinology: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pituitary, sex hormones and pregnancy, Endocrine regulation of blood sugar.

III. A. Applied Pathology:

• Pathogenic mechanism of molecular level
• Cellular changes following injury
• Inflammation and chemical mediators
• Oedema, thrombosis and embolism
• Hemorrhage and shock
• Neoplasia and metastasis
• Blood disorders
• Histopathology and pathogenesis of dental caries, periodontal disease, oral mucosallesions, and malignancies. HIV
• Propagation of dental infection

B. Microbiology

• Microbial flora of oral cavity
• Bacteriology of dental caries and periodontal disease
• Methods of sterilization
• Virology of HIV, herpes, hepatitis
• Parasitology
• Basic immunology -basic concepts of immune system in human body
  • Cellular and humoral immunity
  • Antigen and antibody system
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Autoimmune diseases

C. Oral Pathology

• Detailed description of diseases affecting the oral mucosa, teeth, supporting tissues and jaws.

IV. Physical and Social Anthropology

• Introduction and definition
• Appreciation of the biological basis of health and disease
• Evolution of human race, various studies of different races by anthropological methods

V. Applied Pharmacology:

• Definition, scope and relations to other branches of medicine, mode of action, bioassay, standardization, pharmacodyanamics, pharmcokinetics.
• Chemotherapy of bacterial infections and viral infections -sulphonamides and antibiotics.
• Local anesthesia
• Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
• Hypnotics, tranquilizers and anti pyretics
• Important hormones-ACTH, cortisone, insulin and oral anti diabetics.
• Drug addiction and tolerance
• Important pharmacological agents in connection with autonomic nervous system- adrenaline, noradrenaline, atropine.
• Brief mention of anti hypertensive drugs
• Emergency drugs in dental practice
• Vitamins and haemopoietic drugs

VI. Research Methodology and Biostatistics:

• Health informatics : basic understanding of computers and its components, operating software (Windows), Microsoft office, preparation of teaching materials like slides, project, multimedia knowledge.
• Research methodology : definitions, types of research, designing written protocol for research, objectivity in methodology, quantification, records and analysis,
• Biostatistics : introduction, applications, uses and limitations of biostatistics in Public Health dentistry, collection of data, presentation of data, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, methods of summarizing, parametric and non parametric tests of significance, correlation and regression, multivariate analysis, sampling and sampling techniques -types, errors, bias, trial and calibration.
• Computers : Basic operative skills in analysis of data and knowledge of multimedia.

Paper II - Public Health

• 1. Public Health
  • Definition, concepts and philosophy of dental health
  • History of public health in India and at international level
  • Terminologies used in public health
• 2. Health
  • Definition, concepts and philosophy of health
  • Health indicators
  • Community and its characteristics and relation to health
• 3. Disease
  • Definition, concepts
  • Multifactorial causation, natural history, risk factors
  • Disease control and eradication,evaluation and causation, infection of specific diseases.
  • Vaccines and immunization
• 4.General Epidemiology
  • Definition and aims, general principles
  • Multifactorial causation, natural history, risk factors
  • Methods in epidemiology, descriptive, analytical, experimental and classic epidemiology of specific diseases, uses of epidemiology
  • Duties of epidemiologist
  • General idea of method of investigating chronic diseases, mostly non-infectious nature, epidemic, endemic, and pandemic
  • Ethical conversation in any study requirement
  • New knowledge regarding ethical subjects
  • Screening of diseases and standard procedures used.
• 5. Environmental Health:
  • Impact of important components of the environment of health
  • Principles and methods of identification, evaluation and control of such health hazards
  • Pollution of air, water, soil, noise, food
  • Water purification, international standards of water
  • Domestic and industrial toxins, ionizing radiation
  • Occupational hazards
  • Waster disposal- various methods and sanitation
• 6. Public Health Education:
  • Definition, aims, principles of health education
  • Health education, methods. models, contents, planning health education programs
• 7. Public Health Practice and Administration System In India
• 8. Ethics And Jurisprudence
  • Basic principles of law
  • Contract laws - dentist -patient relationships & Legal forms of practice
  • Dental malpractice
  • Person identification through dentistry
  • Legal protection for practicing dentist
  • Consumer protection act
• 9.Nutrition In Public Health:
  • Study of science of nutrition and its application to human problem
  • Nutritional surveys and their evaluations
  • Influence of Nutrition and diet on general Health and Oral health, dental caries, pariodontal disease and oral cancers
  • Dietary constituents and cariogenecity
  • Guidelines for nutrition
• 10. Behavioral Sciences:
  • Definition and introduction
  • Sociology: social class. social group: family types, communities and social relationships, culture, its effect on oral health.
  • Psychology: definition, development of child psychology, anxiety, fear and phobia, intelligence, learning, motivation, personalities, fear, dentist-patient relationship, modeling and experience
• 11. Hospital Administration:
  • Departmental maintenance, organizational structures
  • Types of practices
  • Biomedical waste management
• 12. Health Care Delivery System:
  • International oral health care delivery systems -Review
  • Central and state system in general and oral health care delivery system if any
  • National and health policy
  • National health programme
  • Primary health care -concepts, oral health in PHC and its implications
  • National and international health organizations
  • Dentists Act 1928, Dental council of India, Ethics, Indian Dental Association
  • Role of W.H.O. and Voluntary organizations in Health Care for the Community
• 13. Oral Biology And Genetics:
  • A detailed study of cell structure
  • Introduction to Genetics, Gene structure, DNA, RNA
  • Genetic counselling, gene typing
  • Genetic approaches in the study of oral disorders
  • Genetic Engineering -Answer to current health problems

Paper III: Dental Public Health

• 1. Dental Public Health:
  • History
  • Definition and concepts of dental public health
  • Differences between clinical and Community dentistry
  • Critical review of current practice
  • Dental problems of specific population groups such as chronically ill, handicapped and institutionalized group
• 2. Epidemiology of Oral Diseases and Conditions
  • Dental caries, gingival, periodontal disease malocclusion. dental Fluorosis, oral cancer, TMJ disorders and other oral health related problems.
• 3. Oral Survey Procedures:
  • Planning
  • Implementation
  • WHO basic oral health methods 1997
  • Indices for dental diseases and conditions
  • Evaluation
• 4. Delivery of Dental Care
  • Dental person power -dental auxiliaries
  • Dentist -population ratios,
  • Public dental care programs
  • School dental health programs- Incremental and comprehensive care
  • Private practice and group practice
  • Oral health policy -National and international policy
• 5. Payment for Dental care
  • Prepayment
  • Post-payment
  • Reimbursement plans
  • Voluntary agencies
  • Health insurance
• 6. Evaluation of Quality of Dental care
  • Problems in public and private oral health care system program
  • Evaluation of quality of services, governmental control
• 7. Preventive Dentistry
  • Levels of prevention
  • Preventive oral health programs screening, health education and motivation
  • Prevention of all dental diseases-dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, malocclusion and Dentofacial anomalies.
  • Role of dentist in prevention of oral diseases at individual and community level.
  • Fluoride
    • History
    • Mechanism of action
    • Metabolism
    • Fluoride toxicity
    • Fluorosis
    • Systemic and topical preparations
    • Advantages and disadvantages of each
    • Update regarding Fluorosis
    • Epidemiological studies
    • Methods of fluoride supplements
    • Defluoridation techniques .
  • Plaque control measures
    • Health Education
    • Personal oral hygiene I
    • Tooth brushing technique
    • Dentifrices, mouth rinses
  • Pit and fissure sealant, ART
  • Preventive oral health care for medically compromised individual
  • Update on recent preventive modalities
  • Caries vaccines
  • Dietary counselling
• 8. Practice Management
  • Definition
  • Principles of management of dental practice and types
  • Organization and administration of dental practice
  • Ethical and legal issues in dental practice
  • Current trends

Structured Training Schedule

First Year

Seminars

• 5 seminars in basic sciences subject
• To conduct 10 journal clubs
• Library assignment on assigned topics 2
• Submission of synopsis for dissertation within 6 months
• Periodic review of dissertation at two monthly intervals

Clinical Training

• Clinical assessment of patient
• Learning different criteria and instruments used in various oral indices -5 cases each
  • Oral Hygiene Index -Greene and Vermillion
  • Oral Hygiene Index -Simplified
  • DMF- DMF (T), DMF (S)
  • Def
  • Fluorosis Indices -Dean's Fluorosis Index, Tooth Surface Index for Fluorosis, Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index
  • Community Periodontal Index (CPI)
  • Plaque Index-Silness and Loe
  • WHO Oral Health Assessment Form -1997
  • Carrying out treatment (under comprehensive oral health care) of 10 patients -maintaining complete records.

Field Programme:

• Carrying out preventive programs and health education for school children of the adopted school.
• School based preventive programs -
  • Topical Fluoride application-Sodium Fluoride, Stannous Fluoride, Acidulated , Phosphate Fluoride preparations and Fluoride varnishes, Fluoride mouth rinses.
  • Pit and Fissure Sealant -chemically cured (GIC), light cured
  • Minimal lnvasive Treatment-Preventive Resin Restorations (PRR), Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART)
  • Organizing and carrying out dental camps in both urban and rural areas
• Visit to slum, water treatment plant, sewage treatment plant, and Milk dairy, Public Health Institute, Anti- Tobacco Cell, Primary Health Center and submitting reports.
• In additions the postgraduate shall assist and guide the under graduate students in their clinical and field programs.

Second Year

Seminars

• Seminars in Public Health and Dental Public Health topics
• Conducting journal clubs
• Short term research project on assigned topics - 2
• Periodic review of dissertation at monthly reviews

Clinical Training – Continuation of the clinical training

• Clinical assessment of patient
• Learning different criteria and instruments used in various oral indices
  • Oral Hygiene Index -Greene and Vermillion
  • Oral Hygiene Index -Simplified
  • DMF- DMF (T), DMF (S)
  • Def t/s
  • Fluorosis Indices -Dean's Fluorosis Index, Tooth Surface Index for Fluorosis, Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index
  • Community Periodontal Index (CPI)
  • Plaque Index-Silness and Loe
  • WHO Oral Health Assessment Form -1987
  • Carrying out treatment (under comprehensive oral health care) of 10 patients maintaining complete records

Field Program -Continuation of field program

• Carrying out school dental health education .
• School based preventive programs
  • Topical Fluoride application-Sodium Fluoride, Stannous Fluoride, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride preparations and Fluoride varnishes, Fluoride mouth rinses
  • Pit and Fissure Sealant -chemically cured (GIC); light cured
  • Minimal Invasive Treatment-Preventive Resin Restorations (PRR), Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART)
  • Organizing and carrying out dental camps in both urban and rural areas.
• Assessing oral health status of various target groups like School children, Expectant mothers Handicapped, Underprivileged, and geriatric populations. Planning dental manpower and financing dental health care for the above group.
• Application of the following preventive measures in clinic-10 Cases each.
  • Topical Fluoride application -Sodium Fluoride, Stannous Fluoride, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride preparations and Fluoride-varnishes
  • Pit and Fissure Sealant
• Planning total health care for school children in an adopted school:
  • Periodic surveying of school children
  • Incremental dental care
  • Comprehensive dental care
• Organizing and conducting community oral health surveys for all oral conditions- 3 surveys.
• In addition the post graduate shall assist and guide the under graduate students in their clinical and field programmes.
• To take lecture classes (2) for Undergraduate students in order to learn teaching methods (pedagogy) on assigned topic.

Third Year

Seminars

• Seminars on recent advances in Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health
• Critical evaluation of scientific articles -10 articles
• Completion and submission of dissertation

Clinical Training

• Clinical assessment of patient
• Learning different criteria and instruments used in various oral indices - 5 each
  • Oral Hygiene Index -Greene and Vermillion
  • Oral Hygiene Index -Simplified
  • DMF- DMF (T), DMF (S)
  • Def t/s
  • Fluorosis Indices -Dean's Fiuorosis Index, Tooth Surface Index for Fluorosis, Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index
  • Community Periodontal Index (CPI)
  • Plaque Index-Silness and Loe
  • WHO Oral Health Assessment Form -1987
  • Carrying out treatment (under comprehensive oral health care) of 10 patients - maintaining complete records
• Carrying out school dental health education
• School based preventive programs -
  • Topical Fluoride application -Sodium Fluoride, Stannous Fluoride, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride preparations and Fluoride varnishes
  • Pit and Fissure Sealant
  • Minimal Invasive Techniques -Preventive Resin Restorations (PRR), Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART)
• To take lecture classes (2) for Undergraduate students in order to learn teaching methods (pedagogy) on assigned topic
• Exercise on solving community health problems -10 problems
• Application of the following preventive measures in clinic -10 cases each
  • Topical Fluoride application -Sodium Fluoride, Stannous Fluoride, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride preparations
  • Pit and Fissure sealants
• Dental- health education training of school teachers, social workers, health workers
• Posting at dental satellite centers/nodal centers.
• In addition the post graduate shall assist and guide the under graduate students in their clinical and field programs
• Before completing the third year M.D.S., a student must have attended two national conferences. Attempts should be made to present two scientific papers, publication of a scientific article in a journal.

Monitoring Learning Process:

It is essential to monitor the learning progress of each candidate through continuous appraisal and regular assessment. It not only helps teachers to evaluate students, but also students to evaluate themselves. The monitoring be done by the staff of the department based on participation of students in various teaching / learning activities. It may be structured and assessment be done using check lists that assess various aspects. Check lists are given in Section IV.