University of Kerala Courses

M.Tech. (Optics and Optoelectronics)

---

Duration: 2 Years

Eligibility: Graduation

Courses Structure

Course Code	Course Title
Semester - I
OPE 611	Modern Optics
OPE 612	Digital Communication
OPE 613	Solid State Optoelectronic Devices
OPE 614	Fiber Optics & Technology
	Elective I
	Elective II
OPE 615	Mini Project I
OPE 616	Laboratory Course I
Semester - II
OPE 621	Fiber Optic Sensors & Applications
OPE 622	Optical Communication Systems
	Elective III
	Elective IV
	Elective  V
OPE 623	Seminar
OPE 624	Mini Project II
OPE 625	Laboratory Course II
Semester - III
	Elective VI
OPE 631	Mini Project III
OPE 632	Study on Current Advance Research
OPE 633	Dissertation First Stage
Semester - IV
OPE 641	Dissertation final
Elective Courses
OPE 601	Lasers: Technology and Applications
OPE 602	Optical Signal Processing
OPE 603	Digital Signal Processing
OPE 604	Image Processing
OPE 605	Pattern Recognition
OPE 606	Quantum Computing
OPE 607	Artificial Neural Networks
OPE 608	Holography & Speckle Interferometry
OPE 609	Optical Instrumentation
OPE 6010	Laser Remote Sensing
OPE 6011	Non Linear Optics
OPE 6012	Nano Photonics
OPE 6013	Integrated Optics
OPE 6014	Quantum Electronics
OPE 6015	Satellite Communications
OPE 6016	Advanced Analog and Digital
	System Designing
OPE 6017	Operating Systems and System Programming
OPE 6018	Data Structure and programming
	Language Concepts
Audit Courses
OPE 511	Applied Mathematics

 

Course Syllabus

Core Courses

OPE 611 Modern Optics

Module I

Harmonic waves, phase velocity and group velocity.  Matrix representation of polarization, Jones vector, Jones matrices, Jones calculus, Orthogonal polarization.Reflection and refraction at a plane boundary, Fresnel’s equations, Brewster angle, total internal reflection, evanescent wave in total reflection (Fowles).

Ray vectors and ray matrices, lens waveguide, identical-lens waveguide,Rays in lens like media, Gaussian beams in a homogeneous medium, fundamental Gaussian beam in a lens like medium- ABCD law, Gaussian beam focusing as an example (Yariv).

Propagation of light in isotropic dielectric medium, disperson, Sellmeier’s formula, propagation of light in crystals, wave-vector surface, Ray-velocity surface. (Fowles)

Module II

Diffraction – Kirchoff integral theorem, Fresnel-Kirchoff formula, Babinet’s principle, Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction patterns, single slit, rectangular aperture, circular aperture, double slit, multiple slits, Fresnel diffraction patterns, zone plate, Cornu’s spirals.

Fourier transforms in optics, application to diffraction, apodization, spatial filtering, phase contrast and phase grating, reconstruction of wave front – holography (Fowles)

Fourier transforming property of a thin lens (Ghatak and Thyagarajan)

Fabry Perot etalon, Optical spectrum analyzer (Yariv)

Module  III

Coherence- Theory of partial coherence, fringe visibility, temporal coherence, spatial coherence, coherence time and coherence length, intensity interferometry. (Fowles)

Nonlinear optics-on the physical origin of nonlinear polarizations, nonlinear optical coefficients, second harmonic generation, phase matching, parametric amplification, phase matching, parametric oscillation, frequency tuning.(Yariv)

OPE 612: Digital Communication

Module I

Pulse modulation – Sampling process – PAM – Quantization – PCM – Noise in PCM system - TDM – Digital multiplexers – Modifications of PCM – Delta modulation – DPCM – ADPCM – ADM. Baseband pulse Transmission – Matched filter - Error rate due to noise – ISI – Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission – Correlative level coding – Baseband M-ary PAM transmission – eye pattern – optimum linear receiver – Adaptive equalization.

Module II

Application of passband transmission – Voice band Modems – Multichannel modulation – Discrete multitone. Synchronization. Spread spectrum communication – Pseudo–noise sequences – Spread Spectrum – Direct sequence spread spectrum with coherent binary phase shift keying – Signal space dimensionality and processing gain – Probability of error – Frequency Hop spread spectrum – Maximum length and Gold codes. Multiple Access Techniques. Statistical characterization of multi path channels. Binary signaling over a Rayleigh fading channel – Diversity techniques. TDMA and CDMA – RAKE receiver. Source coding of speech.

Module III

Introduction to Information Theory: Concept of amount of information, units- entropy, marginal, conditional and joint entropies - relation among entropies - mutual information, information rate. Source coding : Instantaneous codes- construction of instantaneous codes - Kraft's inequality, coding efficiency and redundancy, Noiseless coding theorem - construction of basic source codes - Shannon - Fano Algorithm, Huffman coding, Lempel - Ziv algorithm, run length encoding, JPEG standard for loss less and lossy image compression. Channel capacity -redundancy and efficiency of a channel., binary symmetric channel (BSC), Binary erasure channel (BEC)- capacity of bandlimited gaussian channels, Shannon- Hartley theorem - bandwidth - SNR trade off -capacity of a channel of infinite bandwidth, Shannon's limit.

 

OPE 613 Solid State Optoelectronic Devices

Module I

Optoelectronic materials, Semiconductors, compound semiconductors, III-V and II-VI compounds, ZnO, ITO, GaN, direct and indirect band gap, electronic properties of semiconductors, Fermi level, density of states, life time and mobility of carriers, invariance of Fermi level at equilibrium, diffusion, continuity equation, excess carriers, quasi-fermi levels, optical properties, theory of recombination, radiative and non- radiative, absorption edge, photoconductivity, light emitting diodes, LED, device configuration and efficiency, LED structures, light current characteristics and device performance, frequency response and modulation band width. Laser diodes – basic concepts, heterojunction and injection lasers, output characteristics. DER, DBR and quantum well lasers, multiple quantum well structures, surface emitting lasers.

Module II

Birefringence, uniaxial and biaxial crystals, index ellipsoid, electro-optic effect, electro optic retardation. Phase and amplitude modulators, transverse electro optic modulators and design considerations- high frequency modulation considerations, transit time limitations in a lumped modulators, travelling wave modulators. Acousto-optic effect, Raman-Nath and Bragg regime, acousto-optic modulators, magneto optic effects, spatial light modulators.Optical amplifiers – SOA, FRA, EDFA -general characteristics and application

Module III

Photodetectors, -performance criteria of a photodectetor, expressions for quantum efficiency, responsivity,  photoconductors and photodiodes, PIN diodes, heterojunction diodes and APDs, characteristics and device performance, high speed measurement photoresistors, CCDs, photomultiplier tube, solar cells, efficiency, recent developments dye sensitized solar cells,  noises in photodetectors, SNR, noise equivalent power.

 

OPE 614: Fiber Optics and Technology

Module I

Classification of fibers: based on refractive index profiles, modes guided, applications and materials. Fibers for specific applications: Polarization maintaining fibers (PMF), dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers, doped fibers. Photonic crystal fibers, Holly fibers.

Fiber specifications: Numerical aperture of SI and GI fibers, Fractional refractive index difference, V- parameter, Cut off wavelength, Dispersion parameter, bandwidth, rise time and Non linearity coefficient.

 Impairments in fibers: Group velocity dispersion (GVD), Wave guide and modal dispersions. Polarization mode dispersion (PMD), Birefringence- linear and circular.

Fiber drawing and fabrication methods:- Modified chemical vapor deposition ( MCVD)and VAD techniques.

Module II

Mode theory of fibers- Different modes in fibers. Dominant mode, Derivations for modal equations for  SI and GI fibers. Approximate  number of guided modes in a fiber(SI and GI fibers).   Comparison of single mode and multimode fibers for optical communications. LED and LD modulators. Coupling of light sources to fibers-  (LED and LD) –Derivations required. Theory and applications of Passive optical components: Connectors, couplers, splices, Directional couplers, gratings: FBGs  and  AWGs, reflecting stars: Optical add drop multiplexers and SLMs

Active components: Optical Amplifiers(OAs) - Comparative study of OAs- SLAs, FRAs, FBAs EDFAs and PDFAs based on signal gain, pump efficiency, Noise figure, insertion loss and bandwidth. Design and Characterization of forward pumped EDFAs.

Module III

Fiber measurements:  Attenuation measurement – cut back method. Measurement of dispersion- differential group delay, Refractive index profile measurement.

Numerical aperture (NA) measurement, diameter measurement, Mode Field Diameter (MFD) measurement, V- parameter, cut off wavelength measurement, splicing and insertion losses. OTDR- working principle and applications. OSA- basic block schematic and applications in measurements. (John M. Senior) 

 

OPE 621 Fiber Optic Sensors and Applications

Module I

MM and SM fibers for sensing, Lasers & LEDs suitable for sensing, PIN & APDs for fiber optic sensing. Principles of electro optic modulators bulk & integrated optic modulators. Optical sensor types, advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic sensors, Sensor system performance: basic specifications, Intensity modulated sensors, reflective concept, micro-bend concept, evanescent fiber sensors, polarization modulated sensors. In-fiber Bragg grating based sensors – sensing principles – temperature and strain sensing, integration techniques, cross sensitivity, FBG multiplexing techniques. Long period fiber grating sensors- temperature and strain sensing, refractive index sensing, optical load sensors and optical bend sensors

Module II

Interferometric sensors, Mach-Zehnder & Michelson interferometric sensors, Theory-expression for fringe visibility, Fabry-Perot fiber optic sensor – theory and configurations, optical integration methods and multiplication techniques,  applications – temperature, pressure and strain measurements, encoded sensors Sagnac interferometers for rotation sensing Fiber gyroscope sensors – Sagnac effect – open loop biasing scheme – Closed loop signal processing scheme – fundamental limit – performance accuracy and parasitic effects – phase-type bias error – Shupe effect – anti-Shupe winding methods – applications of fiber optic gyroscopes. Faraday effect sensors. Magnetostriction sensors. Lorentz force sensors.

Module III

Biomedical sensors, sensors for physical parameters, pressure, temperature, blood flow, humidity and radiation loss, sensors for chemical parameters. pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, spectral sensors. Distributed fiber optic sensors – intrinsic distributed fiber optic sensor – optical time domain reflectometry based Rayleigh scattering – optical time domain reflectometry based Raman scattering – optical time domain reflectometry based Brillouin scattering – optical frequency domain reflectometry – quasi-disrtibuted fiber optic sensor. An overview on the optical fiber sensors in nuclear power industry, fly-by-light aircraft, oil field services, civil and electrical engineering, industrial and environmental monitoring.

 

OPE- 622 Optical Fiber Communication Systems

Module I

 Classification of light wave systems, need for fiber based and all-optical systems. Impairments in fibers, dispersion types material (group velocity dispersion – GVD ), modal, wave guide and polarization mode dispersions(PMD). Attenuation : bending and scattering  losses and loss due to hydroxyl ions. Non linear effects in fibers: Kerr effect, SPM, XPM and FWM. Noise in laser diodes relative intensity noise (RIN), phase noise and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise. Effects of laser diode nonlinearity and noise in fiber communications, noises in detection, signal to noise ratio.

Module II

 Optical amplifiers: classification of optical amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers, linear and non linear fiber amplifiers- important features of fiber Raman amplifiers and fiber Brillouin amplifiers - structure and working- doped fiber amplifiers- EDFAs and PDFAs. Design and characterization of EDFAs, electronics structure, pumping schemes and wavelengths- design of forward pumped EDFA (output power and signal gain ), noises in EDFA – ASE and noise factor.

 Transmitters - Fiber to source coupling, driving circuits and modulators-

Receivers: front end, post detection circuit and data recovery.- Quantum limit of performance- Noise and jitter, extinction ratio and Bit Error Rate performance.

Module III

Systems: IMDD systems-design of systems with and without repeaters. - Power budget and rise time budget. Soliton based systems: introduction to soliton theory – soliton lasers- soilton links using lumped EDFA repeaters. GH effect and dispersive radiations- soliton-soliton interaction-amplifier gain fluctuations- gain stabilization methods- design of soliton based links, bit error rate performance. Coherent Systems: sensitivity of a coherent receiver – ASK, FSK and PSK systems- comparison with IMDD systems.

Multi channel systems:- wavelength division multiplexing, WDM components-arrayed wave guide grating , fiber Bragg grating, add/ drop multiplexers, optical amplifiers, dense wavelength division multiplexing  technology – need and requirements- concept of polarization division multiplexing. Photonic systems: system components, basics of optical switching, optical and optoelectronic switching devices, SEEDs, switching architecture, space switching, time switching, wave length switching and  ATM switching system.

 

OPE 615 Mini Project I

Design and development of an optical system.

 

OPE 624 Mini Projects II

Simulation project using software techniques like Mat lab, Lab view, OptSIM etc.

 

OPE 631 Mini Projects III

Setting up testing of small systems like delta modulation using software packages like Mat lab, Lab view, OptSIM etc.

For the mini projects (OPE 615, OPE 624, OPE 631) the students have to submit a report, exhibit (if any) and have to make a presentation before the expert committee. Evaluation will be done internally by an expert committee consisting of three members.

 

OPE 616         Laboratory Course

Minimum 10 experiments on Optics, Optoelectronic devices, Holography and Optical   fibers

 

OPE 623 Seminar

The seminar should be on a topic of current research. Students have to submit a  detailed report and they have to make a presentation of 45 minutes-duration before the seminar committee. Evaluation (internally) will be based on the content (40%) presentation skills (25%) relevance of the topic (15%) defending of the work (10%) and active participation of the students (10%).

 

OPE 625    Laboratory Course

Minimum 10 experiments on Optical communication, Digital Communication and Image processing

 

OPE 632 Study on Current Advance Research

Students have to select a technologically important relevant topic for this investigation. They  have to submit a detailed report on this investigation at the end of the 3^rd semester. The evaluation will be done on the basis of the report  submitted and   the presentation before the expert committee consisting of three members.

 

OPE 633  Dissertation First Stages

Each student has to submit a first level of report of the M.Tech project that they are      under going at the end of the 3^rd semester. The evaluation will be done by an expert     committee       consisting of three members   on the basis of the report submitted and presentation made by the student.

OPE 641         Dissertation final

At the end of the 1 year project (at the end of 4^th semester), each student has to   submit  a dissertation consisting of the work they have done and findings obtained during    their project. The dissertation will be evaluated (Max. marks-50) by one internal and one external examiner separately and the average of the two marks  will be taken. The students will be evaluated on the basis of the viva- voce examination (Max. 50 marks) by an expert committee consisting of internal and  external examiners and the Head of the Department.

 

Elective Courses

OPE 601 Lasers: Technology and Applications

Module I

Black body radiation, Planck's law, spontaneous and induced transitions, Einstein's coefficients, gain coefficient, gain saturation and hole burning, homogenous and inhomogeneous broadened systems, laser oscillation conditions, population inversion, three and four level systems, rate equations, optimum output coupling. Optical resonators, rectangular cavity- open planar resonators- spherical resonators, modes and mode stability criteria, losses in optical resonators-quality factor, unstable optical resonators

Module II

 Q-switching, methods of Q-switching- methods, optomechanical methods of light- electro optic modulation- Pockel and Kerr modulators- magneto- optic modulators , acousto-optic modulators. Giant pulse lasers, mode locking in homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened systems, passive and active mode locking beam diagnostics and characterization, thermal lensing effect, far field pattern.

Descriptive and qualitative studies of  laser applications in communication, remote sensing and interplanetary missions, laser gyro, laser doppler aneometry (LDA). Applications of lasers in holography, material processing. Pulsed laser ablation. Lasers in mechanical Engineering and industry, metrology, defense and security, laser cooling, lasers for fusion, lasers for biology and medicine, satellite communications,

Module III

Detail study of Nd: YAG laser, He-Ne laser, CO₂ laser_, Excimer laser, Nitrogen laser and Fiber laser. Frequency convertors and Parametric Oscillator. Working principle of Ruby laser, free electron laser, dye laser, Argon ion laser, Tunable solid state laser etc. Qualitative studies of lasers for space application.

 

 

OPE 602: Optical Signal Processing

Module I

 Need  for OSP, Fundamentals of  OSP,    Fresnel  transform, Convolution and impulse response, Transform of a slit,  Fourier transforms in optics, Transforms of aperture functions,   Inverse  Fourier transform.   Resolution criteria. A basic optical system, Imaging and Fourier transform conditions.  Cascaded systems, Scale of Fourier transform. Condition for maximum information capacity and optimum packing density. Chirp - Z  transform and system coherence. 

Module II

Spectrum analysis:Spatial light modulators, special detector arrays. Performance parameters for spectrum analyzers. Relationship between SNR and dynamic range.  2D spectrum analyzer.

Spatial filtering : Linear  space invariant systems,  Parseval’s  theorem ,Correlation, Input/output spectral densities, Matched filtering, Inverse filtering. Spatial filters. Interferrometers.  Spatial modulators . Applications  of optical spatial filtering, Effects of small displacements.

Module III

Heterodyne systems. Temporal and  spatial interference. Optimum photo detector size, Optical radio. Direct detection and heterodyne detection. Heterodyne spectrum analysis. Spatial and temporal frequencies, CW signal  and a short pulse. Photo detector geometry and bandwidth. Power spectrum analyzer using a CCD array.

 

OPE 603 Digital Signal Processing

Module I

Periodic and pulse signals – examples of sequences – pulse step, impulse, ramp, sine and exponential – differential equations – linear time invariant – stability, causality – DT systems – time domain analysis. Z-transform and its properties – convolution – inverse Z-transform – discrete Fourier series – properties – sampling the Z-transform – discrete Fourier transform – properties for frequency domain analysis – linear convolution using discrete Fourier transform – overlap add method, over lap save method.

Module II

Introduction to Radix 2 FFT’s – decimation in time FFT algorithm – decimation in frequency FFT algorithm – computing inverse DFT using FFT – mixed radix FFT algorithm – periodogram technique.

Module III

Classification – reliability constrains – IIR design – bilinear transform method – impulse invariant method – step – invariance method – FIR design – Fourier series method – window function method - Multirate Signal Signalling. Architecture and features of TMS 320C50 and ADSP 2181signal processing chips.                                                                       

 

OPE 604:  Image Processing

Module I

Introduction to Digital Image Processing. Introduction to two dimensional sequences , convolution correlation, separability etc. 2D-Fourier and Z- transform and it's properties. 2D DFT and it's properties. Convolution of two dimensional sequences .convolutional filtering . Basics of 2D transform coding , 2D DCT, DST, Walsh Transform. RGB and HSV color model. contrast ,brightness, match-band effect etc. Image formation model -Perspective projection. Equation (derivation). Stereoscopic imaging - Depth extraction and Stereoscopic display. Two dimensional sampling theorem, abasing and reconstruction with problems. Practical limitations in sampling and reconstruction. Moire effect and flat field response.

Module II

Histogram of an image. Computation of histogram. Image Enhancement operations . Point operations - Histogram equalization , Histogram specification, Contrast stretching, window slicing, bit extraction , change detection, gray scale reversal etc. Median filtering, Spatial low pass high pass and band pass operations. Enhancement using transform domain operations. Root filtering and homomorphic filtering. Edge detection techniques – Sobel, robert etc. Edge enhancement techniques. False colouring using sinusoidal transfer function and digital filtering approach. Geometric transforms, Digital Image morphing and warping. 

Production and Classification of Speech Sounds. Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production. Spectrographic Analysis of Speech. Categorization of Speech Sounds. Speech Perception. Acoustics of Speech Production. Physics of Sound. Prediction Analysis of Stochastic Speech Sounds. Criterion of "Goodness".

Module III

Image restoration, system identification, DTF from degraded image spectrum, noise modelling. Wiener filtering -Derivation of filter transfer function - Pseudo and inverse psuedo filtering. Image segmentation by thresholding, Optimal threshold selection – Interactive thresholding and using two peales of histogram. Image segmentation using region growing, region merging and watershed. Image compression - lossy and non lossy compression. Introduction to JPEG and JPEG 2000.

 

OPE 605:  Pattern Recognition

Module 1

Introduction to pattern recognition, Pattern Recognition Methods, Pattern Recognition System Design, Statistical pattern recognition – Classification, Principle, Classifier learning, Neural networks for pattern classification. Basics of Image Processing - Sampling, 2 dimensional transforms, Image Enhancement, Smoothening, Sharpening, Edge detection, Image Segmentation, Boundary extraction.

Module II

 Introduction to Shape Analysis, Shape Representation, Irregular Shape Representation, Shape Representation in Image Processing , Shape Representation by Convex Hull , SPCH Algorithm for Convex Hull Finding, Stair-Climbing Method for Simple Polygon Finding , Properties of the Simple Polygon, Sklansky's Algorithm for Convex Hull Finding, Convex Hull Based Shape Representation, Boundary and Convex Hull, Description Function, Feature Extraction and Shape Classification, Measurements, Feature Extraction, Shape Classification, Examples of Shape Analysis, Fractals, Self-similarity, Fractal Dimension, Multi-fractals, Fractals Based Shape Representation, Boundary and Fractal Dimension, Region and Fractal Dimension. Introduction to Roundness / Sharpness Analysis, The Problem of Roundness Analysis, The Problem of Circle and Arc Detection, Hough Transform, Definition of Hough Transform, Algorithm of Hough Transform, Circular Hough Transform, Algorithms for Circular Hough Transform Curve Detection, Basic Method, Directional Gradient Method, Centre Method, Gradient Centre Method, Radius Method, Threshold Function , Sharp Corners, Examples of Roundness/Sharpness Analysis.

Module III

Introduction to Orientation Analysis, Problem of Orientation Analysis , Development of Orientation Analysis, Directed Vein Method, Directed Vein Image, Orientation of a Vein, Algorithm, Convex Hull Method, Principal Component Transformation, Theory of Principal Component Transformation, Orientation by Principal Component Transformation, Theory of Moments, Central Moments, Orientation by Moments, Examples of Orientation Analysis, Introduction to Arrangement Analysis, Aggregates, Examples of Arrangements, Extended Hough Transform, Hough Transform, Extension of Hough Transform, Simplified Extended Hough Transform, Arrangement Features, Orientation and Position, Description in Hough Space, Feature Extraction, More Arrangements , Measurements , More Features Description and classification of Arrangements.

 

OPE 606:  Quantum Computing

Module I

Foundations of quantum theory. States, Observable, Measurement and unitary evolution. Spin-half systems and photon polarizations, qubits versus classical bits. Pure and mixed states, density matrices. Extension to positive operator valued measures and superoperators. Decoherence and master equation. Quantum entanglement and Bell's theorems.

Module II

Introduction to classical information theory and generalization to quantum information. Dense coding, teleportation and quantum cryptography. Turing machines and computational complexity. Reversible computation.

Module III

Universal quantum logic gates and circuits. Quantum algorithms: database search, FFT and prime factorization. Quantum error correction and fault tolerant computation. Physical implementations of quantum computers.

 

OPE 607:  Artificial Neural Networks

Module I

Introduction – uses of neural networks, Biological neural networks- neuro physiology, models of a neuron-Mc Culloch & Pitts model, Activation functions- types, multiple input neurons. Learning processes- learning paradigms- supervised and unsupervised learning. Single layer perceptrons-Architecture-learning rule- Perceptron convergence theorem. Performance learning-Quadratic functions-performance optimization-steepest descent algorithm, learning rates, Widrow-Hoff learning- ADALINE networks, LMS algorithm, linear separability- The XOR problem, Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) - Backpropagation algorithm.

Module II

RBF networks- Cover’s theorem on separability of patterns, comparison of RBF networks and MLPs. Associative learning- Unsupervised Hebb rule, Instar and outstar rules. Competitive learning- Winner –Take-All networks, Learning Vector Quantizers, Counter propagation networks, Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) - ART1 clustering algorithm, ART1 network architecture.

Module III

Self Organizing Maps (SOM), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) networks. Hopfield networks – Discrete Hopfield networks- energy function- storage capacity of Hopfield networks, Optimization using Hopfield networks- Travelling salesperson problem, solution of simultaneous linear equations, character retrieval. Boltzmann machines. Simulated Annealing.

 

OPE 608: Holography and Speckle Interferometry

Optical Holography: basic principle, recording and reconstruction, types of holograms: transmission hologram, reflection hologram, phase holograms, rainbow hologram (qualitative analysis only), experimental techniques, detectors and recording materials, holographic optical elements, holographic scanners, application of holography: pattern recognition, information storage.

Holographic interferometry : theory of fringe formation and measurement of displacement vector, Holographic nondestructive testing, Different Techniques: double exposure, real time, time average, sandwich,  acoustic, comparative and TV holography, Loading methods, holographic contouring/shape measurement, dual wavelength method, dual refractive index method, digital holography, holographic photoelasticity

Speckle Metrology: speckle phenomena, statistics of speckle pattern, classification, objective speckle pattern, subjective speckle pattern, speckle techniques: speckle photography, speckle interferometry, speckle shear interferometry, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, theory of fringe formation and measurement of displacement vector, out of plane and in plane measurements, surface roughness measurement, vibration measurement, detection of defects.

 

OPE 609: Optical Instrumentation

 Module I

Critical angle, linear and angular magnifications, cardinal points, optical aberrations-corrections. Optical materials, Optical components, polarizing components. Basics of optical design, Ray tracing, Fabrication and testing of optical components. Image intensifiers and Night vision devices. Telescopes and microscopes-      reflecting and refracting telescopes, eyepieces, microscope-objectives, binocular, stereoscopic, phase contrast, polarizing and atomic force microscopes – Airy’s disc, resolving power of a telescope and microscope and brightness. Fourier transform spectroscopy, Interferometric instrumentation for testing; Zygo interferometer, MTF analysis, shearing, scatter fringe, three beam and polarization.

Module II

Stops and Photographic systems-theory of stops – aperture stop – entrance and exit pupils, telecentric stop and applications, requirements for photographic objectives – Eye as an optical instrument, defects of eye and correction methods, Space optics, Adaptive optics, Large space structures. Optomedical instruments, optical coherence tomography, Infrared instrumentation; IR telescopes; Morie self imaging and speckle metrology.

Module III

Spectroscopes and interferometers- gratings and its application in spectroscopes. Double beam and multiple beam interferometry – Fabry-Perot Interferometer –Michelson and Twyman and Green Interferometers – Mach Zehnder, Jamin and Sagnac Interferometers – applications –optical spectrum analyzer. Photometry, projection Systems and Refractometers -different sources for optical experiments – lasers – basic laws of photometry, Abbe and Kohler Illuminations – episcope – epi-dioscope, slide and overhead projectors – computer based projection systems – polarizing instruments. Ellipsometry and applications in material research. 

 

OPE 6010: Laser Remote Sensing

Module I

Earth's atmosphere – basics of different regions of atmosphere, composition, structure and dynamics of atmosphere, important meteorological parameters and their influence in climate. Aerosols, optical properties and their role in Earth’s climate and radiation budget. Clouds: different types of clouds, clouds properties, high altitude cirrus clouds, influence of clouds on weather and climate modification. Atmospheric pollution, different types of pollutants and the sources conventional methods of measurements and limitations. Importance of air quality measurement and environmental monitoring.

Module II

Remote sensing of atmosphere, passive and active methods, laser remote sensing fundamentals, advantages. Laser remote sensing methods, interaction of laser radiation with atmosphere, various scattering methods, back scattering configurations, absorption methods, basics of long path absorption and differential absorption methods. Rayleigh, Raman and Mie lidar configurations, differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system. Lidar equation lidar inversion methods, application of lidar for atmospheric measurements, characterization atmospheric aerosols, minor constituent trace gases and pollutants.

Module III

Lidar system components and design, monostatic and bistatic configurations,  lidar systems for the measurement of aerosols, clouds, ozone, water vapor, temperature etc. Essential elements of a lidar and DIAL system. Typical lidar systems in operation, Brief description on lidar systems for oceanic applications, lidar system for vegetation studies. Brief description on advanced lidar systems: airborne and space borne (satellite) lidar for regional and global studies. Lidar altimetry – terrain mapping, lidar for interplanetary studies. Laser altimetry for lunar studies. Mars orbiting laser altimetry – CALISPO and other lidar missions. Air borne and space borne lidars: Basic structures design and technology requirements and optimization of system parameters.

 

OPE 6011:  Nonlinear Optics

Module I

Harmonic generation, Nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor, on the physical origins of the nonlinear optical coefficients, electromagnetic formulation of nonlinear interactions, optical second harmonic generation, experimental set up, Parametric generation of light, Basic equations of parametric amplification, parametric oscillation, frequency tuning, experimental arrangement, frequency up and down conversion.

Module II

Third order optical nonlinearities, Stimulated Raman Scattering, anti-stokes Raman scattering, stimulated Brilliouin scattering self focusing of optical beams, Nonlinear optical materials, growth and characterization of nonlinear optical materials, optical bi-stability, absorptive and dispersive, simple model, optical bistable devices.

Module III

Propagation through a distorting medium, image transmission in fibers, theory of phase conjugation by four wave mixing, optical phase conjugation by four wave mixing, OPC by stimulated nonlinear scattering, beam coupling and phase conjugation by photorefractive effect, self induced transparency, self phase modulation.

 

OPE 6012: Nanophotonics

Module I

Introduction to nanoscale interaction of photons and electrons. Near field interaction and microscopy- near field optics and microscopy- single molecule spectroscopy-nonlinear optical process.  Materials for nanophotonics -quantum confined materials -inorganic semiconductors-quantum wells, wires dots and rings-quantum confinement-optical properties with examples-dielectric confinement- super lattices- organic quantum confined structures.

Module II

Plasmonics-metallic nanoparticles and nanorods-metallic nanoshells-local field enhancement-plasmonic wave guiding-applications of metallic nanostructures. Nanocontrol of excitation dynamics-nanostructure and excited states-rare earth  doped nanostructures-up converting nanophores-quantum cutting. Growth and characterization of nanomaterials- epitaxial-PLD-nanochemistry-XRD-XPS-SEM- TEM- SPM

Module III

Concept of photonic band gap – Photonic crystals - theoretical modeling - features-optical circuitry-photonic crystal in optical communication-nonlinear photonic crystal-applications. Nanoelectronic devices-Introduction-single electron transistor. Basic ideas of nanolithography and biomaterials-nanophotonics for Biotechnology and Nanomedicine - nanophotonics and the market place.
 

 

OPE 6013:  Integrated Optics

Module I

Theory of planner (2-D), channel (3- D) and coupled waveguides, step index 2-D, graded Index 2- D, 3-D optical waveguides step index and graded index 3 D waveguide devices, general theory of mode coupling, gratings. Guide-wave control- electro optic acousto optic magnelo optic and nonlinear optic.

Module II

Materials and fabrication techniques of optical waveguides, fabrication techniques of optical integrated circuits, patterning and processing techniques, fabrication of 3-D waveguides. Waveguide evaluation, propagation constant waveguide parameters, transmission losses, scattering.

Module II

Design of directional couplers, phase, interferometric travelling wave, balanced bridge, Bragg type, switches, electro optic, magneto optic and thermo optic bistable integrated optical devices, multiplexers, demultiplexers, integrated diode laser structures, integrated optical detectors, integrated quantum well detectors. System design using photonic circuits, application DIC in telecommunication, switching, sensing, signal processing and computing.

 

OPE 6014: Satellite Communications

Module I

Communication fundamentals, Link budget........ fundamentals, propagation, atmospheric effects, lonosheric effects, transmission of analog signals (FDM/FM), transmission of digital signals, transponder, conventional transponder,..........transponder, frequency bands, operational constraints, conditions of propagation.

Module II

Communication satellite orbits, orbital mechanics, IFO, MEO, geostationary orbits, propagation delay, antenna positioning, shaped a spot beams,.............solar interference, orientation and station keeping in geostationary slot.

Module III

Satellite networks, two-way link between earth stations, broadcast networks, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, multibeam satellite networks.

 

OPE 6015 Advanced Analog and Digital Circuits

Module I

Operational Amplifier - parameter, Frequency response, Frequency Compensation.

CMOS and Bi CMOS, Op-amps, OTA. realization of 1 Butterworth and Chebyshev Low pass, high pass, Band pass and Banielimination filter SC filters - integrator, double integrator biquad, higher order filters.

Module II

Analog multiplier - principles and applications.ADC and DAC - charge redistribution, multiplying type.CMOS PLL - Principles of charge pump PLL, PFD, applications. Monolithic waveform generator principles.Video and wide band op-amps-Principles and applications.

Module III

Combinational (BCD, Carry look ahead and priority encoder) and Sequential (modulo decimal and Johnson Counter) Circuits, Sequential logic network - analysis and synlh Basic concepts of VHDL and VLSI Engineering, Hazards and Hazard free combina' logic circuits, Fault diagnosis in combinational logic circuits. Applications in com hardware - CMOS memories - SRAM, DRAM, Cache, CDROM. Basic concepts of pipeli and parallel processing.

 

OPE 6016  Operating Systems and System Programming

Module I

Introduction to operating system concepts, functions, types of operating system, operating system structures-system components, operating system services, system calls, system programs, system structure and virtual machines. Process Management : process scheduling, operating on process, cooperating process, Threads & Interprocess Communication: CPU scheduling criteria and Scheduling algorithms; multiple - processor scheduling, Real time scheduling and algorithms evaluations, process synchronization - the criteria section problem, semaphores & monitor; deadlock -characterization, methods of handling the dead locks, deadlock prevention avoidance, detection and recovery.

Module II

Storage Management: Memory management - swapping, contagious allocation, paging, page replacement methods, directory structure, protection and file system implementation, secondary storage Disks, Disk scheduling and management swap-space management.

Module III

Distributed systems - motivation, topology, communication, system structure, file systems and distributed coordination, protection and security - goals of protection. Domain of protection, Access matrix, language based protection, the security problem, authentication, program threats, system threats, system encryption and computer security. Concepts of Lexical Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Linking process, Linkers and Loaders.

 

OPE 6017 Data Structure and Programming Language Concepts

Module I

Programming Principles: Concepts of problem solving, Systematic programming . Programming methodologies. Characteristics of object oriented programming.

Module II

Object oriented programming and C++: syntax and semantics of C++ language. Abstraction, encapsulation - classes and objects, message passing, Polymorphism and Inheritance, Binding techniques, Generalized Classes, Exception handling.

Module III

Concepts, Memory allocation strategies. Linear Data Structure: Arrays, Linked lists, stack, queue and their applications. Nonlinear Data Structures: Trees, binary tree, AVL trees, Red-Black Trees: Graphs and its representations. File structure and sorting; File representation techniques. File organization, searching techniques.

 

 

OPE 511  Applied Mathematics

Wave Equations, Solutions of initial and boundary value problems, Mathematical models, power series, Legendre equation and Legendre polynomials, Bessel Equation, Hermite equation, Laplace Transforms, Inverse Laplace transforms, Fourier Series and Fourier transforms, Green’s functions, Gamma and Beta functions, Hypergeometric functions, Hypergeometric transforms and identities, Bessel functions, Coding and Cryptography.