Suresh Gyan Vihar University Courses

B.Pharm

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Duration: 4 Years

Eligibility: 10+2

Course Structure

Course Code	Course Title
Semester - I
1BPH1	Pharmaceutical Analysis-I
1BPH2	Pharmaceutical Biology
1BPH3	Computer Science & Applications
1BPH4	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
1BPH5	Pharmaceutics – I (Dispensing & Community Pharmacy)
Practical
1BPH6	Pharmaceutical Analysis-I
1BPH7	Pharmaceutical Biology
1BPH8	Computer Science & Applications
1BPH9	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
1BPH10	Pharmaceutics – I (Dispensing & Community Pharmacy)
Semester - II
2BPH1	Pharmaceutics-II (Physical Pharmacy)
2BPH2	Mathematics & Biostatistics
2BPH3	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II (Physical Chemistry)
2BPH4	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III (Organic Chemistry-I)
2BPH5	Human Anatomy and Physiology – I
Practical
2BPH6	Pharmaceutics-II (Physical Pharmacy)
2BPH7	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II (Physical Chemistry)
2BPH8	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III (Organic Chemistry-I)
2BPH9	Human Anatomy and Physiology – I
Semester - III
3BPH1	Pharmaceutics-III (Unit operations-I including Engg. Drawing)
3BPH2	Pharmaceutical Chemistry –IV (Organic Chemistry-II)
3BPH3	Pharmacognosy-I
3BPH4	Pharmaceutical Analysis-II
3BPH5	Pharmacy Practice
Practical
3BPH6	Pharmaceutics-III (Unit operations-I including Engg. Drawing)
3BPH7	Pharmaceutical  Chemistry –IV   (Organic Chemistry-II)
3BPH8	Pharmacognosy-I
3BPH9	Pharmaceutical Analysis-II
Semester - IV
4BPH1	Pharmaceutics-IV (Unit Operations-II)
4BPH2	Pharmaceutical Microbiology
4BPH3	Pharmacognosy-II
4BPH4	Pathophysiology of Common Diseases.
4BPH5	Human Anatomy, Physiology and Health  Education II
Practical
4BPH6	Pharmaceutics-IV (Unit Operations-II)
4BPH7	Pharmaceutical Microbiology
4BPH8	Pharmacognosy-II
4BPH9	Human Anatomy, Physiology and Health  Education II
Semester - V
5BPH1	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V (Biochemistry)
5BPH2	Pharmaceutics-V (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)
5BPH3	Pharmacology-I
5BPH4	Pharmacognosy-III
5BPH5	Pharmaceutics-VI (Hospital Pharmacy)
Practical
5BPH6	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V (Biochemistry)
5BPH7	Pharmaceutics-V (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)
5BPH8	Pharmacology-I
5BPH9	Pharmacognosy-III
5BPH10	Pharmaceutics-VI (Hospital Pharmacy)
Semester - VI
6BPH1	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-I)
6BPH2	Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence & Ethics.
6BPH3	Pharmaceutics-VII ( Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics)
6BPH4	Pharmacology-II
6BPH5	Pharmacognosy-IV (Chemistry of Natural Products).
Practical
6BPH6	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-I)
6BPH7	Pharmaceutics-VII ( Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics)
6BPH8	Pharmacology-II
6BPH9	Pharmacognosy-IV (Chemistry of Natural Products).
Semester - VII
7BPH1	Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
7BPH2	Pharmaceutics-VIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-II)
7BPH3	Pharmaceutical Industrial Management
7BPH4	Pharmacology-III
7BPH5	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VII ( Medicinal Chemistry- II)
Practical
7BPH6	Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
7BPH7	Pharmaceutics-VIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-II)
7BPH8	Pharmacology-III
7BPH9	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VII ( Medicinal Chemistry- II)
Semester - VIII
8BPH1	Pharmaceutics-IX (Dosage form design)
8BPH2	Pharmaceutical Analysis-III
8BPH3	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VIII (Medicinal Chemistry -III )
8BPH4	Pharmacognosy-V
8BPH5	Pharmacology-IV (Clinical Pharmacy & Drug interactions)
8BPH6	Project related to elective, Dissertation on Practical work.
Practical
8BPH7	Pharmaceutics-IX (Dosage form design)
8BPH8	Pharmaceutical Analysis-III
8BPH9	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VIII (Medicinal Chemistry -III )
8BPH10	Pharmacognosy-V
8BPH11	Project related to elective, Dissertation on Practical work.

 

Course Detail

Semester – I

Pharmaceutical Analysis-I (1BPH1) 

Unit - I

Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, Different techniques of analysis, Preliminaries and definitions, Significant figures, Rules for retaining significant digits, types of errors, Mean, Standard deviation, Statistical Treatment of small data sets, Selection of sample, Precision and accuracy. Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards.

Unit - II

Acid Base Titrations: Acid base concepts, Role of solvent, Relative strengths of acids and bases, Ionization, Law of mass action, Common-ion effect, Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hesselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid-base indicators, Theory of indicators, Choice of indicators, Mixed indicators, Polyprotic system, Polyamine and amino acid systems, Amino acid titration, applications in assay of H3PO4, NaOH, CaCO3 etc.

Unit - III

Oxidation Reduction Titrations: Concepts of Oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, Theory of Rredox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations, Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry, Titrations involving ceric sulphate, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanous chloride and Sodium 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol.

Unit - IV

Precipitation Titrations: Precipitation reactions, Solubility products, Effects of acids, temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate. Argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or potassium thiocyanate,mercuric nitrate, and barium sulphate, Indicators, Gay-Lussac method; Mohr's method, Volhard's method and Fajan's method.

Unit - V

Gravimetric Analysis: Precipitation techniques, Solubility products; the colloidal state, Supersaturation coprecipitation, Post-precipitation, Digestional washing of the precipitate, Filtration, Filter papers and crucibles, Ignition, Thermogravimetric curves, Specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate, Organic precipitants.

Practical

The students should be introduced to the main analytical tools through demonstrations. They should have a clear understanding of a typical analytical balance, the requirements of a good balance, weights, care and use of balance, methods of weighing and errors in weighing. The students     should also be acquainted with the general apparatus required in various analytical procedures.

Standardization of analytical weights and calibration of volumetric apparatus.

Acid base Titrations : Preparation and standardization of acids and bases; some exercises related with determination of acids and bases separately or in mixture form, some official assay procedures e.g. boric acid should also be covered.

Oxidation Reduction Titrations : Preparation and standardization of some redox titrants e.g. potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate, etc. Some exercises related to determination of oxidizing and reducing  agents in the sample shall be covered. Exercises involving potassium iodate,        potassium bromate, iodine solution, titanous chloride, sodium 2, 6- dichlorophenol  indophenol, and ceric ammonium sulphate.

Precipitation Titrations : Preparation and standardization of titrants like silver nitrate and, ammonium thiocyanate, Titrations according to Mohr's, Volhard's and Fajan's methods.

Gravimetric Analysis : Preparation of gooch crucible for filtration and use of sintered glass crucible, Determination of water of hydration, Some exercises related to gravimetric analysis should be covered.

Pharmaceutical Biology (1BPH2) 

Unit - I

Scope and significance of biology in pharmaceutical sciences. Modern concept of Biology i.e. Molecular, physiological and biochemical aspects. Classification of plants with special reference to the following families, their diagnostic characteristic with emphasis on plants of medicinal and economic  importance.

• Papaveraceae
• Ranunculaceae
• Crucifereae
• Leguminoseae
• Rutaceae
• Umbelliferae
• Rubiaceae
• Apocynaceae
• Solanaceae
• Labiatae
• Liliaceae
• Zingiberaceae

Unit - II

General structure,physiology,life history and medico-economic importance of

• Bacteria
• Penicillium
• Claviceps
• Yeast
• Mushroom
• Lycopodium

General structure and life history of parasites and Amoeba,Entamoeba,Trypanosoma,Plasmodium,Schistosoma,Taenia,Ascaris.

Unit - III

General morphology of shoot, flower, fruit and their importance & classification. Structure of Typical plant cells and their non living cell inclusions, organization of cells into different plant tissues.

Unit - IV

Anatomical study of normal monocot and Dicot Root,stem and leaf including secondary growth of dicot stem and root.

Unit - V

Macro and micro plant nutrients, photosynthesis and its mechanism.  General structure and life history of insects including their relation to man and medicinal crops, of cockroch, Mosquito, Housefly, silkworm and Mites.

Practicals

• Care and use of microscope.
• Non-living cell inclusions and their micro chemical tests.
• Preparation,microscopic examination and description of transverse section of stem,root and leaf of monocot and dicot plants (Normal strutures)
• Morphological characteristics of the plant families mentioned in theory.
• Preparation of herbarium sheets.
• Morphology of flowers and fruits.
• structure of human parasites and insects mentioned in theory with the help of specimens and microscopic slides.

 

Computer Sciences & Application (1BPH3) 

Unit - I

Introduction to computers : Characteristics of computers, Historical perspectives of computers, computer generations, types of computers and uses, Software, Hardware, Basic architecture and functions of CPU and its parts, Important I/O devices like Keyboard, Mouse, Printers, Video Monitors.Number System : Decimal, Binary, Basic Binary arithmetic (Conversion to and from decimal numbers, Binary addition and subtraction ).

Unit - II

Memory Storage : Memory Cells, Semiconductor and Magnetic core memory, ROM ( its types), RAM, Cache and Virtual memory, Secondary storage devices and their organization (Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD, DVD).

Operating Systems : Definitions, Need, Organization, Functions, Types of Operating Systems, DOS, Windows, Handling Drives, Directories and files, Commands (Internal & External), Icons, Clipboard, Folders, Major differences between DOS & Windows,.

Unit - III

Communication Networks : Hardware and software components, Seven layers of OSI architecture, Network Topologies (Ring, Star, Fully Connected and Bus), LAN and WAN, Bounded and unbounded communication media, Internet, World Wide Web and I.T., Browsers, Important terminology regarding Internet applications, Electronic Mail, Potential uses and abuses of Internet.

Unit - IV

Computer Programming: Programming languages, Classifications, Low level and high level languages, merits and pitfalls of languages, object oriented languages, Syntax and semantics, Basic steps involved in software development, Flow charts, Compilers and Interpreters. Simple programming using ‘C’

Data types, Constants, Variables, Arithmetic and relational expressions, Symbolic constants, Input and output assignment statements, If-else, Switch statements, Loops ( While, do-while and for), Transfer statements, Arrays, Problem solving using ‘C’ taking simple algorithms.

Unit - V

Computer Applications : Word processing : Techniques, File manipulation, Formatting, Printing setups Table handling, Mail merge, etc. using MSWord. Spreadsheet package : Worksheets, Formatting sheets, Calculations and graphing using formulae and functions, Import and export of data using MS-Excel.

Graphics : Objectives and types of graphics , Presentation packages, Slides designing, Diagrams and graphs, Import and Export data using MS-Power Point.

Data security against viruses : Definition of computer viruses, Detection, prevention and cure against viruses using antivirus software packages.

Pharmaceutical applications : Basics of computer use in various pharmaceutical and clinical applications like drug information services, hospital and community pharmacy, drug design, pharmacokinetics and data analysis.

Practicals

• Simple exercises based upon the following need to be dealt :
• Computer operating systems like MS-DOS, MS-Windows.
• Word-processing like MS-Word.
• Spreadsheet calculations using MS- Excel.
• Graphic applications using MS-Power Point, MS-Excel.
• Programming using ‘C’.

 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I(1BPH4) 

Unit - I

An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity and identity,including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals chloride, sulphate and special test if any, of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals included in Indian Pharmacopoeia.

Acids and Bases : Buffers, Water.

Gastrointestinal Agents: Acidifying agents, Antacids, Protectives and Adsorbents, Cathartics.

Major Intra- and Extra-cellular Electrolytes : Physiological ions. Electrolytes used for replacement therapy.

Unit - II

Essential and Trace Elements: Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance: Iron and haematinics, mineral supplements.

Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for systemic effects.

Topical Agents: Protectives, Astringents and Anti- infectives.

Unit - III

Gases and Vapours: Oxygen, Anesthetics and Respiratory stimulants.

Dental Products: Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents.

Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy.

Unit - IV

Miscellaneous Agents: Sclerosing agents, expectorants, emetics, poisons and antidotes, sedatives etc. Pharmaceutical Aids Used in Pharmaceutical Industry. Anti- oxidants, preservatives, filter aids, adsorbents, diluents, excipients, suspending agents, colorants etc.

Unit - V

Inorganic Radio pharmaceuticals: Nuclear radio-pharmaceuticals, Reactions, Nomenclature, Methods of obtaining their standards and units of activity,measurement of activity, clinical applications and dosage, hazards and precautions.

Practicals

• The background and systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic mixtures of up to four radicals. Six Mixtures to be analyzed, preferably by semi-micro methods. All indentification tests for pharmacopoeal inorganic pharmaceuticals and qualitative tests for cations & anion should be covered .

 

Pharmaceutics – I (1BPH5) 

Unit - I

Definition and Scope

Unit - II

Prescription: Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, General dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensing products.

Unit - III

Pharmaceutical calculations: Posology, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients; Enlarging and reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value, etc.

Unit - IV

Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of: Typical prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints, sprays, tablet triturates etc.

Unit - V

Incompatibilities: Physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases, alkaloids, pyrazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents, correction of incompatibilities. Therapeutic incompatibilities.

Practicals

• Dispensing of prescription falling under the categories:
• Mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, suppositories, ophthalmic, capsules, paste, jellies,
• Pastilles, lozenges, pills, tablet triturates, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints, etc.
• Identification of various types of incompatibilities in prescription, correction thereof and dispensing of such prescriptions.
• Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceuticals calculations, pricing of prescriptions and dosage calculations for pediatric and geriatric patients.
• Dispensing of prescriptions involving adjustment of tonicity.
• Categorization and storage of Pharmaceutical products based on legal requirements of labeling and storage.
• Project report on Visit to the nearby Community for Counseling on the rational use of drugs and aspects of healthcare.

 

Semester  - II

Pharmaceutics-II (2BPH1) 

Unit - I

1. Matter and Properties of Matter :State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols -inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids-crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.

2. Micromeretics and Powder Rheology: Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, measurement, particle shape, specific surface, methods of determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow propeties.

Unit - II

1. Surface and Interfacial Phenomena: Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interfaces, solid- gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interface.

2. Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.

Unit - III

1. Dispersion Systems: Colloidal Dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, applications of colloids in pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.

Unit - IV

1. Complexation: Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and anlaysis, applications.

2. Buffers: Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

Unit - V

1. Kinetics and Drug Stability: General considerations & concepts,half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.

Practicals

• Determination of particle size, particle size distribution and surface area using various methods of Particle size analysis.
• Determination of derived properties of powders like densities, porosities, compressibility, angle of repose etc.
• Determination of surface/interfacial tension, spreading coefficient HLB value, and critical micellar concentration of
• surfactants.
• Study of rheological properties of various types of systems using different Viscometers.
• Preparation of various types of suspensions and determination of their sedimentation parameters.
• Preparation and stability studies of emulsions.
• Studies on different types of complexes and determination of their stability constants.
• Accelerated stability testing, shelf-life determination and expiration dating of pharmaceuticals
• Preparation of pharmaceutical buffers and determination of buffer capacity.
• X Experiments involving tonicity adjustments.

Mathematics & Biostatistics(2BPH2) 

Unit - I

Sets, relations and functions equation of straight line. Calculus of finite differences Finite different , difference table finite difference operator and their properties.

Unit - II

Linear equation and matrices solutions of linear programming programinig problems by graphical method and simplex  method.

Unit - III

Differential calcuts limits continuity and differentiability differentiation. Basic fundamental theorems on differentiation differentiation of trigonometric and hyperbolic function (including inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic function) logarithmic differentiation partial differentiation.

Unit - IV

Integral Calculus: Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration by substation integration by parts. Integration of algebraic functions.

Unit - V

Bio – Statistics : Tables and graphs ‘Life tables only, Linear correlation coefficient Pearson’s assumptions and causality, Regression of Y on X and  X on Y, standard error estimate. Correlation coefficient .Linear and curvilinear correlation. Sampling Non – Probability and probability samples . Sampling distribution confidence intervals computing 99% and 95 % fiducially limits form tables of areas and ordinates of normal curve. Probability rules, binomial experiments ‘Z’ score computing “t” tests and analysis of variance. All calculation should be illustrated with examples from true laboratory pharmacological experimental models.

 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II(2BPH3)

Unit - I

Behaviour of Gases: Kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behaviours and explanation.

The Liquid State: Physical properties (surface tension, parachor, viscosity, refractive index, optical rotation, dipole moments and chemical constituents).

Unit - II

Solutions: Ideal and real solutions, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative properties, partition coefficient, conductance and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory.

Adsorption: Freudlich and Gibbs adsorption, isotherms, Langmuir theory of adsorption.

Unit - III

Thermodynamics: First, second and third laws, Zeroth law, absolute temperature scale, thermo chemical equations, phase equilibria and phase rule.

Unit - IV

Chemical Kinetics: Zero, first and second order reactions, complex reactions, theories of reaction kinetics, characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base and enzyme catalysis.

Unit - V

Photochemistry: Consequences of light absorption, Jablenski diagram, Lambert-Beer Law, Quantum efficiency.

Quantum Mechanics: Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave equation.

Practicals

• To determine molar mass by Rast method and cryoscopic method.
• To determine refractive index of given liquids and find out the contribution of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in molar refraction of a compound.
• To determine molar mass of volatile liquids by Victor-Meyer method.
• To determine the specific rotation of sucrose at various concentrations and determine the intrinsic rotation.
• To determine the heat of solution, heat of hydration and heat of neutralization.
• To determine the cell constant, verify Ostwald dilution law and perform conductometric titration.
• To determine rate constant of simple reaction.

 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III(2BPH4) 

Unit -I

Structure and Properties: Atomic structure, Atomic orbitals, Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular orbitals, Bonding and Antibonding orbitals, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces, Bond dissociation energy, Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, structure and physical properties, Intermolecular forces , Acids and bases.

Unit -II

Stereochemistry: Isomerism & nomenclature and associated physicochemical properties, optical activity, stereoisomerisms, specification of configurtion, reactions involving stereoisomerisms, chirality, chiral reagent, conformations.

Structure, Nomenclature and Properties with special Emphasis on reaction Mechanism of following

Unit -III

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cycloalkanes , Dienes, Benzene,Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes.

Unit -IV

Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones.

Unit -V

Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids, Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrene and nitrenium ions.

Practicals

• The student should be introduced to the various laboratory techniques through demonstrations involving synthesis of selected organic compounds (e.g. aspirin, p-bromoacetanilide, anthraquinone from anthracine, reduction of nitrobenzene, etc.)
• Identification of organic compounds and their derivatisation.
• Introduction to the use of stereo models.

 

Human Anatomy And Physiology - I(2BPH5) 

Unit - I

Scope of anatomy and physiology and basic medical terminology used in these subjects. Structure of cell, its components and their functions. Elementary Tissues of the Human Body: Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues, their sub-types and their characteristics.

Unit - II

Anatomy and Physiology with emphasis to various system .

Osseous System: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton, Classification of joints, types of movements of joints, Disorders of joints.

Skeletal Muscles: Gross anatomy; physiology of muscle contraction, physiological properties of skeletal muscles and their disorders.

Unit - III

Haemopoietic System: Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation, disorders of platelets and coagulation.

Unit - IV

Lymph and Lymphatic System: Composition, formulation and circulation of lymph; disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basic physiology and functions of spleen.

Unit - V

Cardiovascular System: Basic anatomy of the heart, Physiology of heart, blood vessels and circulation. Basic understanding of Cardiac cycle, heart sounds and understanding of Cardiac cycle, heart sounds and electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline of cardiovascular disorder like hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.

Practicals

• Study of human skeleton.
• Study of different systems with the help of charts and models.
• Microscopic study of different tissues.
• Estimation of hemoglobin in blood. Determination of bleeding time, clotting time, R.B.C.Count, Total leucocyte count, D.L.C. and E.S.R.
• Recording of body temperature, pulse rate and blood pressure, basic understanding of Electrocardiogram-PQRST waves and their significance.

 

Semester- III

Pharmaceutics-III (3BPH1)

Unit - I

Unit Operations: Introduction, basic laws.

Fluid Flow : Types of flow, Reynold’s number, Viscosity, Concept Of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.

Material Handling Systems:

• Liquid handling- Different types of pumps.
• Gas handling- various types of fans, blowers and compressors.
• Solid handling- Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.

Unit - II

Filtration and Centrifugation: Theory of filtration, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimenters.

Unit - III

Crystallization: Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape,geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting them. Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Supersaturation theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, Crystal growth. Study of various types of Crystallizers, tanks, Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on yields.

Unit - IV

Dehumidification and Humidity Control: Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation

temperatures, Psychrometric chart and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for dehumidification operations.

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning : Principles and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning.

Unit - V

Material of Construction : General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass. Factors affecting the choice.

Industrial hazards and Safety Precautions: Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc.

Practicals

• Measurement of flow of fluids and their pressure, determination of Reynold’s number and calculation of Frictional losses.
• Evaluation of filter media, determination of rate of filtration and Study of factors affecting filtration.
• Experiments to demonstrate applications of centrifugation.
• Thermometers and Psychrometric charts.
• Determination of humidity-use of Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb.
• Elementary Knowledge of Engineering Drawing-Concept of orthographic and isometric views of elevation and third angle projection.
• Notation and abbreviation used in Engineering drawing.
• Basic Engineering Drawing Practice- Bolts, nuts, rivetted fronts, screws, worm screws as per specification.
• Drawing of simple pharmaceutical machinery parts.

 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-IV(3BPH2) 

Unit - I

Nucleophillic aromatic substitutions; �-unsaturated carbonyl compounds; Conservation of orbital symmetry and rules. Electrocyclic, Cycloaddition and sigmatropic reactions; Neighbouring group effects

Unit - II

Catalysis by transition metal complexes, Stereoselective and sterospecific reactions; New organic reagents used in drug synthesis.

Unit - III

Heterocyclic Compounds: Chemistry, preparations and properties of some important heterocyclics containing 3,4,5,6, & 7atoms with one or two heteroatoms like O, N, S.

Unit - IV

Chemistry of Lipids, Carbohydrates.

Unit - V

Chemistry of Proteins and Nucleic acids.

Practicals

• At least five exercises in synthesis involving various heterocyclic ring systems. An exercise involving stereoselective synthesis of  a compound. Resolution of racemic DL-alanine or any other example. Workshop on molecular modelling of primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, molecular modelling on double helical structure of nucleic acid showing hydrogen bonding. Determination of physico-chemical constants for oils and fats; preparation of organic compounds.

 

Pharmacognosy-I(3BPH3) 

Unit - I

Resins: Study of Drugs Containing Resin and Resin Combination like Colophony, podophyllum, jalap, cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric, ginger.

Unit - II

Tannins: Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambir, black catechu, gall and myrobalan.

Unit - III

Volatile Oils: General methods of obtaining volatile oils from plants. Study of volatile oils of Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon peel, Orange peel, Lemon grass, Citronella, Caraway, Dill, Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian, Musk, Palamarosa Gaultheria, Sandal wood.

Unit - IV

Phytochemical Screening:

• Preparation of extracts.
• Screening of alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufradienolides, flavonoids and  leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols, anthraquinones, cynogenetic glycosides, amino acids in plant extracts.

Unit - V

Fibres: Study of fibres used in pharmacy such as cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass-wool, polyester and asbestos.

Pharmaceutical aids: Study of pharmaceutical aids like talc, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite, gelatin and natural colors.

Practicals

• Identification of crude drugs mentioned in theory .
• Study of fibres and pharmaceutical aids.
• Microscopic studies of seven-selected crude drugs and their powders mentioned under the category of volatile oils in theory and their chemical test.
• General chemical tests for alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids and tannins.

 

Pharmaceutical Analysis-II(3BPH4)

Unit - I

Non-aqueous Titrations & Complexometric Titrations:-

Non-aqueous Titrations:-

Theoritical consideration, scope and limitations, Acid base equilibria in non-aqueous media, titration of weak bases, titration of weak acids, indicators Pharmaceutical products should be selected for illustrating application in drug analysis and quality control.

Complexometric Titrations:-

Concept of complexation and chelations, Werner’s coordination number, electronic structure of some complex ions, stability constants, titration curves, masking and demasking agents, types of complexometric titrations, metal ion indicators and  application in drug analysis.

Unit - II

Miscellaneous methods of Analysis :-

Basic principles, instrument and application of

• Diazotisation titration
• Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation
• Determination of water by Karl-Fisher titration
• Oxygen flask combustion
• Gasometry

Unit - III

Chromatography:-

Fundamentals of the following techniques will be discussed with relevant examples of pharmaceutical and/or natural products TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GLC, paper chromatography and column chromatography.

Extraction procedures:-

Liquid-solid extraction, Liquid-Liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction, distribution law, successive extraction

separation of drugs from excipients.

Unit - IV

Electrochemistry:-

The electric cell, electrode potential, half cells, sign convention, Nerst equation, the salt bridge, activity series, standard potential, standard hydrogen electrode, reference electrode indicator electrode, measuring the relative voltage of half-cells and calculation of std potential

Potentiometry:- Theorifical consideration, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential location of the end-point, instrumentation., analytical application . pH meter, definition of pH, relationship between pH and potential, equipment and applications

Unit - V

Conductometry :- Ohm’s law, specific resistance, specific conductance, conductivity cell, ionic conductivity, change of conductivity during titration, change in volume during conductometric titration, method and instrumentation.

Coulometric Titration :- Principles and application controlled potential coulometry, cell design, instrumentation, method, electrode selection and advantages and limitations.

Polarography :- Theory, mass transport processes, current potential relationship, polarization choice of electrode, effect of oxygen, instrumentation and calculation of concentration.

Amperometric titration and its application

Practicals

• Non aqueous Titrations: Preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium/ potassium/ lithium methoxides solutions; Estimations of some pharmacopoeial products.
• Complexometric Titrations: Preparations and standardization of EDTA solution, some exercises related to pharmacopoeial assays by complexometric titrations.
• Miscellaneous Determinations: Exercises involving diazotisation, Kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer, Oxygen flask combustion and gasometry methods. Determination of alcohol content in liquid galenicals, procedure (BPC) shall be covered.
• Experiments involving separation of drugs from excipients.
• Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.
• Exercises based on acid base titration in aqueous and non-aqueous media, oxidation-reduction titrations using potentiometric technique, Determination of acid-base disassociation constants and plotting of titration curves using pH meter.
• Exercises involving polarimetry.
• Exercises involving conductometric and polarographic techniques.

 

Pharmacy Practice(3BPH5) 

Unit - I

Introduction

Trade, Industry and commerce, functions and subdivision of commerce.

Forms of business organization.

Drug house management: Selection of location of drug store, layout and legal requirements, chain store.

Material management:

Importance and objectives of purchasing selection of suppliers credit information tenders contracts and price determination and legal requirements thereto.

Storage: General principles codification handling of drug store and other hospital suppliers

Inventory Control:

Objective and importance modern techniques like ABC VED analysis the lead time inventory carrying cost safety stock minimum and maximum stock levels economic order quality scrap and surplus disposal.

Unit - II

Sales promotion:

Salesmanship qualities of salesman literature detailing advertising and window display Recruitment selection orientation training evaluation and compensation of the Pharmacist.

Channels of distribution buying selling transportation storage wholesale retails departmental store multiple shop mail order business with special reference to Indian marketing environment.

Unit - III

Banking and finance service and functions of bank finance planning and sources of finance.

Costing accounting: Cost ascertainment various elements of cost sheet preparation statement of cost.

Unit - IV

Accounting:

Introduction to the accounting concepts and conventions double entry book keeping different kinds of account recording of transactions – journal cash book ledger trial balance profit and loss account balance sheet computation of various ratios and analysis of financial statements.

Unit - V 

Budgeting: Meaning importance and types of budgets Elementary knowledge of preparing sales cash production and flexible budgets.

 

Semester – IV

Pharmaceutics – IV(4BPH1) 

Unit  -I

Stoichiometry : Unit processes material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, gas laws, mole volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of graphic representation, mathematical problems.

Heat Transfer : Source of heat, heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of amount of steam/electrical energy, steam pressure, Boiler capacity, Mathematical problems on heat transfer.

Unit  -II

Evaporation : Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.

Distillation : Raoult’s law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification, Calculation of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation. Mathematical problems on distillation.

Unit  -III

Drying: Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations; classification and types of freeze drying dryers behaviour of solids during drying, MC,EMC,CMC and LOD dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods. Mathematical problems on drying.

Unit  -IV

Size Reduction and Size Separation: Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill etc.

Unit  -V

Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments

Fundamentals of Automated Process control system and Computer aided manufacturing (CAM).

Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reaction.

Practicals

• Determination of overall heat transfer coefficient.
• Determination of rate of evaporation.
• Experiments based of steam, extractive and azeotropic distillations.
• Determination of rate of drying, free moisture content and bound moisture content.
• Experiments of illustrate the influence of various parameters on the rate of drying.
• Experiments to illustrate principles of size reduction, Laws governing energy and power requirements of size Reduction.
• Experiments to illustrate solid-solid mixing, determination of mixing efficiency using different types of mixers.

 

Pharmaceutical Microbiology (4BPH2) 

Unit - I

Introduction to scope of microbiology

Structure of Bacterial Cell.

Classification of microbes and their taxonomy. Actinomycetes, Bacteria, Rickettsiae, spirochetes and virsuses.

Identification of microbes: Stains and types of staining techniques, electron microscopy.

Nutrition, cultivation, Isolation of bacteria, Actinomycetes, fungi, virus, etc. Microbial genetics and variation.

Unit - II

Control of Microbes by physical and chemical methods:

Disinfectants: Dynamics of disinfection, factors affecting the process of disinfection, Evaluation of liquid disinfectants & methods of measuring growth inhibition (MIC). Types of chemical agents employed for disinfection, antisepsis and preservation with their full description & use.

Unit - III

Principles and Practice of sterilization methods : Introduction, sensitivity of micro-organisms, typical survival curves for bacterial spores exposed to moist heat or gamma radiations, expression of resistance in terms of D value and Z value & sterility assurance. Sterilization methods (Heat, Gaseours, Radiations & Filtration using different filter devices) with emphasis on sterilization of items used in hospital, thermolabile drugs and injectables. Monitoring of sterilization processes. Laminar aseptic hoods and aseptic processing.

Unit - IV

Sterlity Testing: Methods and media used with emphasis of the specific details of the sterlity testing of parenterals and ophthalmics containing antimicrobial agents and other non injectable preparations such as catgut etc.

Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids.

Unit - V

Immunology : Historical aspects, non specific defence mechanism (Skin and mucous memberane, phagocytosis, the complement system, inflammation, host damage following failure of primary defences, exotoxins and endotoxins), specific defence mechanism, antigens and antigenic structure of microbial cell, antibody structure and immunoglobulin classes, humoral and cell mediated immunity, immunity ( natural and acquired), antibody response following immunization, immunological tolerance.

Practicals

• Experiments devised to prepare various types of culture media, sub-culturing of common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungus and yeast, various staining methods, various methods of isolation and identification of microbes, sterilization techniques and validation of sterilization techniques, evaluation of antiseptics and disinfectants, testing and sterility of pharmaceutical products as per I.P. requirements, microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins etc.

 

Pharmacognosy – II(4BPH3) 

Unit - I

Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups of drugs containing glycosides:

Saponins : Liquorice, ginseng, dioscorea, sarsaparilla, and senega.

Cardiocative sterols: Digitalis, squill, strophanthus and thevetia.

Unit - II

Anthraquinone cathartics: Aloe, senna, rhubarb and cascara.

Others: Psoralea, Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga, gentian, saffron, chirata, quassia.

Unit - III

Studies of traditional drugs, common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacological, categories and common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs: Amla, Kantkari, Stavari, Gilo (Guruch), Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Bach, Rasna, Punarnava, Chitrack, Apamarg, Gokhru and Shankhapushpi

Unit - IV

Studies of traditional drugs, common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacological, categories and common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs: Brahmi , Adusa, Arjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Palash, Guggal, Gyumnema, Shilajit, Nagarmotha, kalmegh and Neem.

Unit - V

The holistic concept of drug administration in traditional systems of medicine. Introduction of ayurvedic preparations like Arishtas, Asvas, Gutikas, Tailas, Churnas, Lehyas and Bhasmas.

Practicals

• Identification of crude drugs listed in theory.
• Diagnostic macroscopic and Microscopic study of some important glycoside containing crude drugs as outlined above. Study of powdered drugs
• Standardization of some traditional drug formulations.

 

Pathophysiology Of Common Diseases (4BPH4)

Unit - I

Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptation: Causes of Cellular injury, pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury. Intercellular alterations in lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, Cellular adaptation, atrophy, hypertrophy.

Unit - II

Basic Mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair: Alterations in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBCs, acute and chronic inflammation, mediators of inflammation, brief outline of the process of repair.

Unit - III

Pathophysiology of Common Diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, gout, epilepsy, psychosis, depression, mania, Alzheimer disease.

Unit – IV

Hypertension, angina, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, peptic ulcer, asthma, ulcerative colitis, various types of Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis.

Unit - V

Acute and chronic renal failure, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, anemia, Iatrogenic diseases, and common types of neoplasm. Wherever applicable the molecular basis should be discussed.

 

Human Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education – II(4BPH5) 

Unit  - I

Digestive System: Gross anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those of liver, pancreas and gall bladder, various gastrointestinal secretions and their role in the absorption and digestion of food. Disorders of digestive system.

Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory organs, functions of respiration, mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes and vital capacity.

Unit  - II

Central Nervous System: Functions of different parts of brain and spinal cord. Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system, reflex action, electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain, Cranial nerves and their functions.

Autonomic Nervous System: Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system. Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in the A.N.S.

Urinary System: Various parts, structures and functions of the kidney and urinary tract. Physiology of urine formation and acid-base balance. Diseases of the urinary system.

Unit  - III

Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive systems and their hormones, physiology of menstruation, coitus and fertilization. Sex differentiation, spermatogenesis & oogenesis. Pregnancy its maintenance and parturition.

Endocrine System: Basic anatomy and physiology of Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, Testes and Ovary, their hormones and functions.

Sense Organs : Basic anatomy and physiology of the eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell) and skin (superficial receptors).

Unit  - IV

Health Call Concepts of health and disease: Disease causing agents and prevention of disease.

Classification of food requirements: Balanced diet, nutritional deficiency disorders, their treatment and prevention, specifications for drinking water.

Demography and family planning: Medical termination of pregnancy.

Unit  - V

Communicable diseases: Brief outline, their causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention (Chicken pox, measles, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, helminthiasis, malaria, filariasis, rabies, trachoma, tetanus, leprosy, syphilis, gonorrhoea, and AIDS).

First Aid: Emergency treatment of shock, snake bites, burns, poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods.

Practicals

• Microscopic studies of different tissues.
• Simple experiments involved in the analysis of normal and abnormal urine: Collection of specimen, appearance, determination of PH of urine by Ph meter. Quantitative determination of Sugars, proteins, urea,lipidprofile,uric acid and creatinine.
• Physiological experiments on nerve-muscle preparations.
• Determination of vital capacity, experiments of spirometry.

 

 

Semester- V

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V (Biochemistry) (5BPH1) 

Unit - I

Biochemical organization of the cell and transport process across cell membrane.

The concept of free energy, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance.

Unit - II

Enzymes: Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and its mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes and iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis.

Co-enzymes: Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance. Metals as co-enzymes and their significance.

Unit - III

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharide to glucose-1- phosphate, Glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis, and Pentosephosphate pathway.

The Citric Acid Cycle: Significance, reactions and energetic of the cycle, Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle.

Unit - IV

Lipids Metabolism: Oxidation of fatty acids, �-oxidation & energetic, �-oxidation, �-oxidation, Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization, Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid metabolism, Essential fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), phospholipids, and sphingolipids.

Biological Oxidation: Enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction & its control, respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

Nitrogen & Sulphur Cycle: Ammonia assimilation, Incorporation of sulphur in organic compounds, Release of sulphur from organic compounds.

Unit - V

Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen Containing Monomers: Nitrogen balance , Biosynthesis of amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino acids to specialized products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids, Porphyrin b