Suresh Gyan Vihar University Courses

M.Sc. (Biotechnology)

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Duration: 2 Years

Eligibility: Graduate or Equivalent

Course Structure

Sem	Sub. Code/ Q. paper code	Title	Marks			Time/Dur. (Hrs.)
			IA	Sem. End Exam	Total
1	I Bio BT 101	Cell Biology	30	70	100	3
	I Bio BT 102	Immunology	30	70	100	3
	I Bio BT 103	Biochemical Techniques	30	70	100	3
	I Bio BT 104	Molecular Biology and Genetics	30	70	100	3
		Practical I – Cell Biology & Immunology Practical II –Biochemical Techniques &  Molecular Biology and Genetics	30 30	20 20	50 50	6 6
11	II Bio BT 105	Environmental Biotechnology	30	70	100	3
	II Bio BT 106	Biochemistry	30	70	100	3
	II Bio BT 107	Microbial Diversity and Physiology	30	70	100	3
	II Bio BT 108	Genetic Engineering	30	70	100	3
		Practical III – Environmental Biotechnology & Biochemistry Practical IV – Microbial Diversity, Physiology and Genetic Engineering	30   30	20   20	50   50	6   6
III	III Bio BT 109	Virology	30	70	100	3
	III Bio BT 110	Plant Biotechnology	30	70	100	3
	III Bio BT 111	Bioprocess Technology	30	70	100	3
	III Bio BT 112	Animal Biotechnology	30	70	100	3
		Practical V- Virology and Plant Biotechnology Practical – VI – Bioprocess Technology and Animal Biotechnology	30   30	20   20	50   50	6   6
IV	IV Bio BT 113	Elective paper (Independent Study )			100
	IV Bio BT 114	Project work	120	80	200

 

Course Detail

Semester - I

I Bio BT: 101- Cell Biology 

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit  - I

Plasma membrane :

Ultrastructure of cell,cell theory,exceptions of cell theory. Membrane bilayer - Composition and structure: Models, fluidity, Liposomes. Membrane associated receptors.

Membrane proteins – types ,Flippases, protein of RBC membrane ,RBC ghost,  porins  and  aquaporin. and membrane transport system.

Unit  - II

Cell organelles and secretion:

Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes. Internalization of macromolecules and particles : endo and exocytosis.

Mittochondrial structure and oxidative phosphorylation. Chloloplast and Photo phosphorylation.

Nucleus : Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosomes and their structural organization, ribosomes

Unit  - III

Cell division and cell cycle :

Cell cycle and its regulation, regulation of cell division Go-G1 transition check points in cell cycle,chromosome movements.

Mutation and its types ,molecular basis of mutation.

Cytoskeleton . topography,microtubules,microfilaments

Unit  - IV

Signal transduction

Cell cell signaling, Signal Transduction cascades. Receptor triggerd phosphorylation cascade, G protein,G protein coupled receptor, functions of cell surface receptor, pathways of intracellular signal transduction.

Cascade, cyclic CAMP as a second messenger, protein kinases, receptor mediated hydrolysis of phosphotidyl inositol, IP3, Diacyl glycerol, calcium ion as a cytosolic messenger.

Unit  - V              

Cancer

Properties of tumor cells,tumor suppressor genes and carcinogenic effects of chemical and radiations Apoptosis, difference between nacrosis and apoptosis ,pathways, regulation and effectors in apoptosis Cell cell interaction ,cell –cell adhesion ,specialized junction ,desmosomes,gap junction ,adhesion molecules,cadherins and connexins

 

I Bio BT: 102-Immunology

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3 Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours 

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit  - I

History of Immunology –

Types of immunity – Innate and acquired - Passive and Active. Cells and Organs of Immune System:-Lymphoid cells; Stem cells, B and T Lymphocytes, Natural killer cells, Mononuclear phagocytes, Granulocytic cells. Organs: Thymus, Bone Marrow, Lymphatic system, Lymph nodes, Spleen.

Unit  - II

Antigens and Antibodies:-

Antigenicity, immunogeuecity and Antigens :, Structure, properites, types, – iso and allo – haptens; adjuvants, Epitopes, superantigens, Immunoglobulins – structure –properties (physico chemical and biological); Monoclonal Antibodies, and Hybridoma technology

Unit  - III

Antigen-Antibody Interaction:-

Generation of humoral and cell mediated immune response, Major Histocompatibility Complex,General structure and function of MHC,MHC Molecules and Genes ,Antigen Processing and presentation T-Cell Receptors,T-Cell Maturation and Differentiation. B-Cell Generation, Activation & Differentiation.Antibody mediated effector functions, Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Unit  - IV

Regulation of immune response-

Cytokines and their role in immune regulation. Immune Effecter Mechanism-Cytokinesis structure ,receptor ,and function. (Properties, receptors, antagonisis & secretion) Hypersensitive reactions (Type I,II,III and delayed type (DTH) Tumor immunology, Transplantation Technology and Autoimmunity ,AIDS and other Immuno deficiencies, Vaccines -Types of vaccines-Genetically designed vaccines. BCG, TB & Leprosy, DNA vaccines, Complement system.

Unit  - V

Immunological techniques and their principles-

Invitro of immunological methods – agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, immunofluorescence, ELISA,  RadioImmunoassays – Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis  –  Isoelectric  focusing  –  cytotoxicity  assay  , Immunohistochemistry.  

 

I Bio BT 103:  Biochemical  Techniques

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Electrophoretic techniques

Principle, types and affecting factors. Instrumentation and application of paper, gel, SDS- PAGE , Isoelectric focusing, 2-DGel electrophoresis , Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Membrane filtration and dialysis

Unit - II

Centrifugation techniques

Principle and technique of preparative and analytical centrifugation, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultracentrifuge and its application

Unit - IV

Chromatographic Techniques –

Principle, technique and applications of Paper, TLC, Ion-Exchange, molecular sieve, affinity chromatography and adsorption chromatography,. Gas chromatography, HPLC

Unit - V

Spectroscopic technique –

Basic principles, instrumentation and applications of UV, Visible and IR spectrophotometers. Optical Rotatory Dichroism and Circular Dichroism . Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ESR , X-Ray Crystallography and Mass Spectrometry. Flame Photometry.

Radio chemical methods -   Nature of radioactivity, types of radioactivity, radioactive decay, units of radioactivity. Radioisotopes: Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Geiger counters, scintillation counters, autoradiography.   Microscopy: light, phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy

 

I Bio BT 104 : Molecular Biology and Genetics 

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Introduction  to Molecular Biology and Genetics-

DNA Replication. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, Enzymes ( Like DNA  Polymerases,Topoisomerases etc)  and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication. Inhibitors or DNA replication ( blocking precursor synthesis, nucleotide polymerziation, altering DNA structure)

DNA damage and repair: types of DNA damage (deamination) oxidative damage, alkylatoin, pyrimidine dimers). repair pathways-methyl-directed mismatch repair, very short patch repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, SOS system. Mutations: nature of mutations; mutagens

Unit - II

Transcription-

Structural features of RNA (rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) and relation to function Polycistronic and monocistronic RNAs, Prokaryotic transcription, Comparison  with Eukaryotic transcription, Maturation and processing of RNA : methylation, cutting and trimming of rRNA; capping, polyadenylation and splicing of mRNA; cutting and modification of tRNA degradation system. Catalytic RNA group I and group II intron splicing RNase P.

Unit - III

Translation-

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, Mechanisms of initation, elongation and termination, post-translational modifications of proteins. Synthesis of Secretory and membrane proteins. Helix turn Helix. Zinc fingers and Leucine Zippers,Chimeric activators, squelching

Unit - IV

Antisense and Ribozyme-

Technology,Applications of antisense and ribozyme technology.

Gene transfer mechanisms- transformation, transduction, conjugation and transfection. Plasmids, F-Factors, Colicins and col factors. Plasmids as vectors for gene cloning. Replication of  plasmids and compatibility.

Unit - V

Regulation  of  bacterial  gene  expression  – 

Operon  model  –  lac,  ara ,and trp   operon concept, catabolite repression, positive and negative regulation, inducers and corepressors.  Negative regulation –  regulation by attenuation –  his and  trp operons;  antitermination  –  N  protein  and  nut  sites  .    Induction   and  repression  mechanism  in operons. Global regulatory responses : heat shock response, stringent response and regulation by small molecules such as ppGpp and cAMP.

 

Semester - II

II Bio BT 105 : Environmental Biotechnology  

Max. Marks: 70 

Time: 3 Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours 

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Environment-basic concepts and issues;Sources of water pollution .Natural resources and its management.Sources of water pollution.Waste water treatment,Process,stages  methods:Aerobic Processes-Oxidation ponds,rotating discs,rotating drums;Anaerobic processes-Anaerobic digestion,anaerobic filters,Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Pollution indicators – BOD and COD determinations.

Unit - II

Microbial  degradation of xenobiotics in Environment-Ecological hydrocarbons, oil pollution, surfactants, pesticides. Solid wastes :Sources and management. Types of solid wastes, sources, problems associated with it. solid waste management, landfilling, incineration, composting, vermiculture and methane production.

Unit - III

Biodegradation and biodegradation of naturally occurring compounds.Biodegradation of cellulose, lignin, cellulose. Bioremediation concepts, types of bioremediation.In situ Ex situ process of bioremediation.Advantages of bioremediation.

Unit - IV

Biopesticides, plant, biochemical, microbial pesticides. Advantages and disadvantages of microbial pesticides and insecticides.Global environmental problems:UV-B and Ozone depletion, Green house effect and acid rain, their effects and biotechnological approaches for management. Methiodology of environmental management –the problem solving approach, its limitation.

Unit - V

Genetically modified organism,uses of GMO and transgenic animal ,benefis and controversies of GM product. Classical plant breeding,molecualar basis of genetic modification and crop improvement programmes, GM food crops, biotechnology in controlling crop diseases, weeds, insects and pests.

Unit - II

Seed-biology, technology and role in agriculture, Seed certification, seed banks, terminator gene technology and implications, plant as chemical and pharmaceutical factories, biosafety and GM food crops,International and local regulations.

 

II Bio BT 106: Biochemistry

Max. Marks: 70 

Time: 3Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Carbohydrates

classification of carbohydrates. Optical and chemical Properties of Monosaccharides. Occurrence , structure and biological functions of disaccharides  and polysaccharides Metabolism of carbohydrate: Glycolysis ,TCA cycle , HMP Pathway and gluconeogenesis .

Unit - II

Lipids

Classification of lipids. Fatty acids-structure, types and their physiochemical properties. Structure and biological role of  TAG, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol . Structure and biological role of lipoproteins and prostaglandins. Metabolism of lipid: cholesterol biosynthesis ,biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.

Unit - III

Protein

Amino acid structure, classification and Physiochemical properties of the amino acids.   stability and formation of the peptide bond. Proteins structure- primary, Secondary structure Ramchandran plot. Tertiary structure and quaternary structure. Protein sequencing. metabolism: amino acid biosynthesis and urea cycle.

Unit - IV

Nucleic acids

Composition and structure of nucleic acid . Types of DNA  (B,A,C and Z forms). Forces stabilizing nucleic acid structure. Effect of temperature salts , acid, alkali and enzymes on nucleic acid structure. Types of RNA- Secondary and tertiary structure. Nucleoproteins . DNA – Protein interaction.   Fractionation and analysis of nucleic acids. Metabolism of nucleic acid : Biosynthesis and degradation of purine and pyrimidine

Unit - V

Enzymes and bioenergetics :

Basics of pH, acid –base and buffers .law of thermodynamics , Gibbs free energy and standard potential .Enzymes :enzyme classification,nomenclature , specificity, active site, unit of  activity.  Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis – Menton equation, determination of  kinetic  parameters (Vmax ,Km)  enzyme  inhibition , Enzyme catalysis , Enzyme regulation :feed back and allosteric regulation. Enzyme immobilization. 

 

II Bio BT 107 :Microbial Diversity and Physiology    

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3 Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Ultra structure and function of Bacteria. Morphological  types;  cell  wall characteristics,L-forms  and  Archaebacteria,  Cell  wall  synthesis,  capsule  types ,composition and function.  Cell membranes in eubacteria, archabacteria and cyanobacteria.  Structure and function of flagella, cilia and pili, gas vesicles, chlorosomes, carboxysomes, magnetosomes and phycobilisomes. Plasmids and its types. Types of Reserve  food materials . New approaches to bacterial taxonomy, classification including ribotyping; Ribosomal RNA sequencing; Characteristics of primary domains; Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Bergey's Manual.

Unit - II

Cultivation of bacteria; anaerobic, aerobic culture media, growth curve, growth kinetics, batch, continuous culture, growth measurements, factors affecting growth, control of bacteria-physical and chemical agents. Types of bacteria on the basis of energy and nutritional requirement. Pure culture techniques (spread plate, pour plate, streak plate), preservation methods

Unit - III

Nutritional classification of microorganisms- chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganisms. Photosynthesis in microorganisms, oxygenic  –  anoxygenic photosynthesis – autotrophic generation of ATP; fixation of CO2 – Calvin cycle – C3 – C4 pathways.

Chemolithotrophy; Hydrogen, Iron, Nitrate and oxidizing bacteria; Nitrate and sulfate reduction; Syntrophy,Role of anoxic decomposition; Nitrogen metabolism; Nitrogen fixation; Hydrocarbon transformation. Survival at extreme environments – starvation – adaptative mechanisms in thermophilic, alkalophilic, osmophilic and psychrophilic.  Bioluminescence  - mechanism & advantages.

Unit - IV

Microbial respiration and fermentative pathway-

Respiratory metabolism –Enter Doudroff pathway – glyoxalate pathway ,oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation –Fermentation of carbohydrates – homo and heterolactic fermentations.  Endospore  –  structure  –   properties,  germination and dormancy

Unit - V

Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents-

Types of toxins(Exotoxin, Endotoxin and Entreotoxin) and their structure; mode of actions; virulence and pathogenesis.Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Penicillins and Cephalosporins; Broad-Spectrum antibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to antibiotics.

General classification and Economic importance of  algae and fungi.

II Bio BT 108:  Genetic Engineering

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3 Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours 

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Scope of Genetic Engineering ,Milestones in Genetic Engineering- Core techniques(Blotting techniques,electrophoresis and  Autoradiography) and essential enzymes used in rDNA technology-- Restriction enzymes,modification enzymes-Ligases ,DNA and RNA polymerasesTerminal transferase ,Molecular Markers ,Nucleic Acid  isolation ,separation , Purification,Yield Analysis

Unit - II

Cloning -Principles of gene cloning, Types of cloning, Gene Cloning Vectors- Plasmids,bacteriophages,phagemids,cosmids.Artificial chromosomes, Shuttle vectors. cDNA Synthesis and Cloning -- mRNA enrichment, reverse transcription,Linkers and adaptors.

Unit - III

Library construction and screening -Genomic, Chromosomal, cDNA Library. Restriction Mapping of DNA fragments. The labeling of DNA with radiolucleotides

Screening of libraries: Oligonucleotide, cDNA and antibody probes, Analysis of DNA-Protein Interactions. Electromobility shift assay, DNA Footprinting. Methods of DNA and genome Sequencing

DNA transfection methods, Primer extension method, SI mapping, RNase protection assays, Reporter genes and their assays. Cloning    interacting  genes. Two and three hybrid systems, cloning differentially expressed genes. Nucleic   acid   microarray arrays. Chromosome walking.

Unit - IV

PCR, types and its applications .Multiplex, Nested, RT PCR. Site-directed Mutagenesis and Protein Engineering.

Unit - V

Recombinant protein technology : Design and use of expression vectors, selection of suitable promoter sequences, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminator, fusion protein tags, purification tags, protease cleavage sites and enzymes, plasmid copy number.

 Processing   of Recombinant proteins- Stabilization of proteins. Phage  Display, Inclusion Bodies, solubilization  of insoluble  proteins.

 Expression Strategies for Heterologous Genes- Codon optimization, expression in bacteria, expression in yeast, expression in insects and expression in mammalian cells.

Gene therapy: Somatic and germ line gene therapy in vivo and  ex-vivo. Gene silencing.

 

Semester - III

III Bio BT 109-Virology                                                        

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Outline on discovery of viruses, nomenclature and classification of viruses(LHT system; Classification as per VII report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses),distinctive properties of viruses; morphology and ultrastructure; capsids and their arrangements; envelopes and their compsition; viral genome, their types and structure;virus related agents(viroids,prions),Bacteriophage-structural organization;replication,one step growth curve;eclipse phase;phage production;burst sizw;lysogenic cycle brief details of X 174,t7,t4 M13,Mu,Lambda and P1.

Unit - II

Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell cultures; primary and secondary cell cultures; suspension cell cultures and monolayer cell cultures; assay of viruses-physical and chemical methods (Protein, nucleic acid, electron microscopy),brief account of assay of viruses using serological techniques. Infectivity assay (plaque method, end point method).

Unit - III

Effects of viruses on plants; appearance of plants; histogy, physiology and cytology of plants; common virus diseases of plants; paddy, tomato and sugarcane; viruses of cyanobnacteria, algae, fungi, replication of plant viruses; type species of plant viruses like TMV, Cauliflower mosaic virus and potato virus X; transimission of plant viruses with vectors(insects, nematodes, fungi)and without vectors(contact,seed and pollens).

Brief account of diagnostic techniques in plants; infectivity assay of plant viruses, indicator plants, isolation and purification of plant viruses, serological methods, histochemical tests. Prevention of crop loss due to virus infection-virus-free planting material; vector control.

Unit - IV

Animal and human viruses-epidemiology replication, pathogenicity, diagnosis prevention and treatment of RNA Viruses, Picorna, Orthomyxo, Parmyxo, Toga and other arthropod viruses,Rhabdo,Rota,HIV and other Oncogenic viruses;DNA viruses; Pox ,Herpes, Adeno, SV 40; Hepatitis viruses.

Unit - V

Viral vaccines(conventional vaccines,genetic recombinant vaccines used in national immunmization programmes with examples)interferons, and antiviral drugs.

 

III Bio BT 110- Plant Biotechnology.                               

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Introduction to cell and tissue culture, tissue culture as a technique to produce novel plants and Hybrids.Tissue culture media (composition and preparation).

Initiation and maintenance of callus and suspension culture; single cell culture. Organogenesis; somatic embryogenesis; transfer and establishment of whole plants in soil. Shoot-tip culture: rapid clonal propagation and production of virus-free plants.

Unit - II

Embryo culture and embryo rescue. Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid plants; cybrids. Another, pollen and overy culture for production of haploid plants. Cryopreservation  Germ plasm conservation.

Unit - III

Plant Transformation Technology: basis of tumor formation, hairy root, features of TI and RI plasmid, mechanisms of DNA transfer, use of TI and RI as vectors, binary vectors, and methods of nuclear transformation, direct DNA transfer, particle bombardment, electroporation, and microinjection. Gene silencing.

Unit - IV

Chloroplast Transformation; advantages, vectors, success with tobacco and potato. Metabolic Engineering and industrial Products: plant secondary metabolites, biodegradable plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate, therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes, antibodies, edible vaccines, purification strategies.

Unit - V

Conventional plant breeding. Molecular Marker-aided Breeding: RFLP maps, linkage analysis, RAPD markers, microsatellites, SCAR(sequence characterized amplified region), SSCP(single strand conformation polymorphism), AFLP, molecular marker assisted selection. Arid and semi-arid plant biotechnology. Green house and green-home technology.

 

III Bio MB 111:   Bioprocess Technology

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3 Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering,

Classification of  Bioreactors, types, Design and operation of various types of reactors, main components, peripheral parts and accessories, various control systems specialized bioreactors(pulsed,fluidised,photobioreactors etc). Isolation preservation and maintenance of industrial microrganisms,media for industrial fermentation, Air and media sterilization. Strain selection  and  improvement.

Unit - II

Types of Fermentation processes:

Batch,fed batch and continuous bioreactors. Downstream processing: Introduction, Removal of microbial cells and solid matter, foam separation, precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, cell disruptions, liquid-liquid extraction, chromatography, membrane process,Drying and crystallization Whole Cell immobilization and their industrial applications.

Unit - III

Industrial Production of chemicals utilizing wastes: Alcohol (ethanol)Acids(citric, acetic acid),solvents(glycerol, acetone), antibiotics(Penicillin, streptomycin,), Aminoacids (lysine, glutamic acid),Single Cell Protein. enzymes (amylase, proteases),  Fermented beverages: beer and wine. Genetically modified foods

Unit - IV

Introduction to food Technology--

Principles of food processing,Elementary idea of canning and packing,sterilization and pasteurization of Food Products,Technology of typical Food/Food Products(bread,cheese idli),Food Preservation. Microbes   as   sources   of   food      (Spirulina, Saccharomyces cerviceae, Rhizopus spp).  Food borne infections and poisoning. 

Unit - V

Introduction to Dairy Technology –

Microbiology of fermented milk – starter cultures, butter milk, cream yoghurt, kafir, kumiss, acidophilus   milk  and  cheese.

 

III Bio BT 112- Animal Biotechnology                      

Max. Marks: 70

Time: 3Hours

Total Lecture/ Unit: 12 Hours

Total Lecture/ Paper: 60 hrs

Unit - I

Structure and organization of animal cell,Cell physiology.Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technology. Primary and established cell line cultures.

Introduction to the balance salt solutions and simple growth medium. Brief discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium Role of carbon dioxide. Role of serum and supplements.

Unit - II

Serum & protein free defined media,advantages and disadvantages of serum and protein based media  and their application .measurement of viability and cytotoxicity. Biology and characterization of cultured cells, measuring parameters of growth.

Unit - III

Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro; disaggregation of tissue and primary culture; maintenance of cell culture; sub culture and cell line , cell strain, cell separation, methods for cell separation, cell characterization,cryopreservation,principle of cryopreservation, methods for cryopreservation

Unit - IV

Cell cloning, micromanipulation and types of cloning. Cell transformation. Application of animal cell culture, limitations of animal cell cultures. Stem cell culture, embryonic stem cells and their applications.

Unit - V

Organ and histotypic cultures. Apoptosis Measurement of cell death. Reasons for cell death, difference between cell death and necrosis. Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering.

 

Semester - IV

IV Bio BT 113 – Elective Paper

The Elective paper in the M.Sc. IV Semester  will be based on detailed review report on one of the courses listed in the syllabus. The student will make a complete report in about 100 pages that shall be evaluated by the course co-ordinator and one internal teacher. The marks will be awarded internally. It is proposed to include the following areas as part of elective papers.

1. Proteomics, functional genomics and therapeutic genomics.

2.Topics on human genetics and genetic dissection of heritable diseases and detection of associated mutations and diagnostics based on PCR.

3.Technologies being adapted for further applications like closing of animal with a capacity to produce human macromolecules.

IV Bio BT 114- Dissertation

The Project work will involve in depth practical work on a problem suggested by the supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation of the work done. The dissertation submitted by the candidate shall be evaluated by one external expert,head of the department and supervisor of the candidate. The seminars, in-plant training and industrial visit reports will also be submitted by the candidate to the Head of the Department who will submit these to the external examiner. The examination shall be held in the department and the dissertation etc. will NOT be required to be mailed to the external examiner. The distribution of the marks will be as under.