IIS University - International College for Girls - ICG Courses

M.Sc. (Biotechnology)

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Duration: 2 Years

Eligibility: Graduate or Equivalent

Course Structure

Course Code	Course Title
Semester - I
BTE 121	Cell Biology
BTE 122	Biochemistry & Enzymology
BTE 123	Microbiology
BTE 124	Instrumentation
BTE 125	Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
BTE 126	Laboratory I
Semester – II
BTE 221	Genetics
BTE 222	Molecular Biology
BTE 223	Immunology
BTE 224	Genetic Engineering
BTE 225	Plant Biotechnology
BTE 226	Laboratory II
Semester – III
Review Report  (Paper code: BTE 321)
Dissertation  (Paper code: BTE 322)
Semester – IV
BTE 421	Animal Cell Science and Technology
BTE 422	Virology
BTE 423	Bioprocess Engineering and Technology
BTE 424	Industrial Biotechnology
BTE 425	Environmental Biotechnology
BTE 426	Laboratory

 

Course Syllabus

Semester-I

BTE 121  Cell Biology

Objectives :To enable students to-

• understand the structural components of a cell.
• get an insight into the mechanics of cell cycle and programmed cell death.
• understand intercellular interaction and signal transduction.
• learn about techniques used in the study of cytology.

Unit I Ultrastructure of Cells

Cell as a basic unit of living system, Cell diversity: Cell size, Cell as experiment models: E. Coli, Yeast, C. elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophilla melanogaster, Structure and functions of cell organelles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Unit II Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton: Self-assembly and dynamic structure of cytosketetal filaments, actin filament, microtubules, movement of cilia and flagella.

Cell –Cell interaction: cell adhesion, tight and gap junctions, plasmodesmata.

Unit III Cell cycle and apoptosis

Energy Conversion: Photophosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation, Evolution of electron transport chain. Cell cycle and apoptosis: Events in cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, Key regulators of cell cycle, programmed cell death and its control.

Unit IV Transport across membranes

Membrane transport: Thermodynamics of transportation, passive and active mediated transportation of molecules, Donnan equilibrium, Nernst equation, Na+- K+ ATPase, H+- K+ ATPase, ion gradient driven transportation, mechanism of protein trafficking

Unit V Signal transduction and Techniques in cell biology

Molecular basics of signal transduction in bacteria, plants and animals, secondary messengers, perception of environmental signals, G- protein and tyrosine kinase coupled receptors. Basic techniques in cell biology: microscopy, cell fractionation method, GISH, FISH, histochemical analysis, microtomy, staining and fixation.

 

BTE 122 Biochemistry & Enzymology

Objectives:

To enable students to-

• understand the chemistry of biomolecules
• understand the bioenergetic principles underlying biochemical reactions.
• understand the structure, mechanism of action and inhibition of enzymes.

Unit I Chemical foundations of Biology

pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers, chemical bonds, Bioenergetics: Principles of thermodynamics: free energy, important energy, rich molecules, standard free energy change, concept of redox reactions. Principles of self assembly, Hierarchy of molecular organization of living systems.

Unit II Amino acids and proteins

Classification, Chemical Reactions and Physical Properties, purification and criteria for homogeneity, structural organization of proteins- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Conformational analysis. Ramachandran plot.

Unit III Carbohydrates

Classification and reactions, types, structural features. Metabolism of carbohydrates, main sources of carbohydrates, enzymatic conversion and mobilization as glucoses or fructoses, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, terminal oxidation/ oxidative phosphorylation, mechanism of ATP synthesis, rate controlling steps and regulation.

Unit IV Lipids

Classification, Structure and functions, Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Metabolism of Lipid and fat bodies: Beta-oxidation and channeling of the products to ATP production: minor pathway of fatty acid oxidation, (alpha and omega oxidation), Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Ketone bodies, membrane lipids-cholesterol, phospholipid and glycolipid; biosynthesis of fat soluble vitamins; biosynthesis of Eicosonoids (prostaglandin, leucotriens and thromboxane).

Unit V Enzymes

Kinetics: Rate of reactions, specific activity, molecular activity, Km, Kcat, Michaelis- Menten and Line weaver Burk plot, enzyme inhibition, mechanism of enzyme catalysis (acid-base electrostatic, metal ion, free radicals, transition state binding and covalent catalysis, proximity and orientation effects, contribution of strain. Factors affecting enzyme activity, enzyme inhibition. Allosteric enzymes and bisubstrate reactions. Rationale for modification of enzyme function, Enzyme Engineering: modification of structure and catalytic properties of enzymes

 

BTE 123 Microbiology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• understand the importance of taxonomy
• Study microbial growth and cell structure.
• Learn about diversity present among micro organisms.
• Study host – parasite relationship and antibiotic action.
• Study various microbial diseases.

Unit-I Taxonomy

Microbial evolution, systematic and taxonomy-Evolution of earth and earliest life forms; primitive organisms, their metabolic strategies and molecular coding; approaches to bacterial taxonomy, DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybridization, G+C content determination, ribotyping, Ribosomal RNA sequencing; Characteristics of primary domains, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Bergey's Manual. Culture collection, maintenance and preservation of microorganisms.

Unit-II

Structural characteristics of Prokaryotes, Microbial growth and nutritional classification

Cell wall composition and synthesis. Flagella, Cilia and motility. Cell inclusions like Glycogen granules, Volutin granules, Carboxysomes etc, Endospores, Slime sheet and capsule.

Microbial Growth-The definition of growth, mathematical expression of growth, growth curve, measurement of growth and growth yields, Synchronous growth, Continuous, Batch and Fed Batch Culture; Growth as affected by environmental factors like  temperature, acidity, alkalinity, water availability and oxygen; nutritional classification of microorganisms

Unit-III Microbial Diversity – I

Bacteria: Photosynthetic bactyeria (cyanobacteria, purple & green bacteria) budding bacteria, Spirochaetes, Sheathed bacteria, Endospore forming rods and cocci, Mycobacteria, Rickettsias, Chlamydias and Mycoplasma, Actinomycetes.

Unit-IV Microbial Diversity – II

• Structure of archebacteria and eukaryotic cells.
• Archaea: Archaea as earliest life forms; Halophiles, Methanogens; Hyperthermophilic archaea and Thermo plasma,
• Eukarya: Algae, Fungi, Slime molds and Protozoa.
• Chemolithotrophy; Hydrogen, Iron, Nitrate and oxidizing bacteria; Nitrate and sulfate reduction; Syntrophy; Role of anoxic decomposition; Nitrogen fixation

Unit-V Host Parasite Relationships and Chemotherapy

Normal micro flora of skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobic ecosystem- Rumen microbiology. Entry of pathogens into the host; colonization and factors predisposing to infections; types of toxins (Exotoxin, Endotoxin and Enterotoxin) and their structure; mode of actions; virulence and pathogenesis

Disease reservoirs; Epidemiological terminologies; infectious disease transmission; Emerging and resurgent infectious diseases (Tuberculosis chicken pox, AIDS, hepatitis Malaria) Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Pencillins and Cephalosporins; Broad-Spectrum antibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to antibiotics.

 

BTE 124 Instrumentation

Objectives:To enable students to-

• Understand the basic operating characteristics of instruments.
• Understand principles and applications of techniques.

Unit-I Spectroscopy

• Beer-Lambert law, UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, NMR, ESR, CD/ORD, MALDI-ToF-MS.

Unit-II Chromatography

Principle, Paper chromatography, TLC, Column chromatography (GC, HPLC), Adsorption chromatography, Partition chromatography, Gel filtration, Ion-exchange chromatography and Affinity chromatography.

Unit-III Electrophoresis

Principle, factors affecting electrophoresis, pH, voltage, supporting medium (agarose, polyacrylamide, dextran). Agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, 2-D electrophoresis, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, immuno electrophoresis.

Unit-IV Centrifugation & Microscopy

Centrifugation: principle differential and density gradient, ultracentrifugation (Preparative and analytical centrifuges) sedimentation analysis & RCF. Microscopy: construction of a microscope, light microscopy (bright field, dark field, phase-contrast, interference, confocal, polarization microscopy). Electron microscopy-TEM, SEM, Scanned probe microscopic techniques (STEM, AFM) Cytophotometry, flow cytometry.

Unit-V Radioisotopic Techniques

Radioisotopes; nature of radioactivity, types of radioactive decay, unit of radioactivity. Radiation dosimetry, radioactive isotopes, autoradiography, Cerenckov radiation, liquid scintillation counting, Geiger-Muller counter, X-ray diffraction.

 

BTE 125 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

Objectives: To enable students to-

• Appreciate the significance of statistical analysis of biological data.
• Learn the methods of statistical analysis.
• know about Bioinformatics as a tool in Biotechnology

Unit I Sampling and classification of data

Sampling - Sampling procedure, types of sampling, Classification and tabulation of data, frequency distribution, probability, addition and multiplication theorem of probability. A brief idea of normal, Poisson and binomial distribution.

Unit II Measures of central tendency and dispersion

Measure of central tendency-Mean, median and mode, Measures of dispersion - range , mean deviation ,standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Skewness and kurtosis.

Unit III Tests of significance

Hypothesis testing, Nulls hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, level of significance. Chi-square test, t-test, F-test, ANOVA-one way and two way classifications. Simple correlation and simple regression.

Unit IV Overview of bioinformatics

Overview of bioinformatics – introduction, The internet and the biologist, Database types-Primary and Secondary databases, sequence databases - nucleotide and protein sequence databases (NCBI, ENBL, DDBJ, UNIPORT, PIR), Structure databases (PDB, MMDB, CSD, NDB)Sequence analysis

Unit V Sequence similarity searching

Concept of similarity searching, methods of similarity searching (BLAST, FASTA) statistical significance of sequence comparisons, application of similarity searching in gene identification and functional assingment. Information retrieval from biological databases. Computer tools for finding and retrieving sequences, pair wise and multiple alignments. Genomics and Genome project

 

BTE 126   Laboratory I

• Microtomy of liver/intestine
• Histochemical localistion of starch, lipids and protein in liver.
• Verification of Beer Lambert’s Law
• Estimation of protein by Folin Lowry method
• Estimation of protein by Biuret test
• Estimation of reducing sugar by DNSA method
• Estimation of sugar by Anthrone reagent
• Estimation of glycogen from the given tissue
• Estimation of cholesterol from the given tissue
• To study the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity
• To study the effect of temperature on enzyme activity
• To study the effect of pH on enzyme activity
• To assay the activity of acid phosphatase
• Separation and identification of amino acids by TLC
• Separation of protein by SDS-PAGE
• Demonstrations:
  • el Filtration Chromatography
  • Ion Exchange Chromatography
  • Descending Paper Chromatography
  • Column Chromatography
  • Affinity Chromatography
  • Western Blotting
• Preparation of liquid and solid media for growth of microorganisms.
• Isolation and maintenance of organisms by plating, streaking and serial dilution methods, slants and stab cultures, storage of microorganisms.
• Isolation of pure cultures from soil and water.
• Growth Kinetics, Effect of temperature, pH and carbon and nitrogen source on growth.
• Enumeration by standard plate count.
• Microscopic examination of bacteria, yeast and molds and study of organisms by Gram stain, gative staining, staining for spores etc.
• Study of mutagens by Ames test
• Isolation of Rhizobia
• Isolation of Actinomycetes
• Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method
• Standard analysis of water. Determination of MPN.
• Biochemical characterization of selected microbes.
• Biostatistics exercises
• Operating systems (DOS)
• Information searching on Internet.
• Sequence retrievals form NCBI, Genbank, EMBL, DDBJ Any other practical based on theory syllabus.

 

Semester-II

BTE 221 Genetics

Objectives: To enable students to-

• Study the classical genetics & gene interactions.
• Learn the mechanism of sex linked inheritance and sex determination.
• Understand concept of gene, linkage, crossing over& recombination mechanisms.
• Understand gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations.
• Learn about extracytoplasmic inheritance & population genetics.

Unit I Classical Genetics & Gene interactions

Mendel's experiments Monohybrid ratios-Dominance and Recessive factors Laws of segregation - Dihybrid and Tri hybrid ratios - Laws of independent assortments - Test cross and Back cross. Allelic and non-allelic interactions. Inheritance of quantitative traits-additive effect-skin color in man.

Unit II Sex Determination and sex linked inheritance

Mechanism of Sex determination in Drosophila, Birds, Man, hymenopterans, environmental factors & sex determination. X-linked inheritance, pattern of inheritance of sex linked genes, sex linkage in Drosophila, X-linked traits in humans.

Unit-III

Concept of the gene & recombination mechanisms.

Gene: unit of structure & function, complementation test. Linkage & crossing over. Conjugation, transformation & transduction in bacteria and their use in preparation of genetics maps.

Unit IV Gene Mutations & Chromosomal aberrations.

Molecular basis of mutation, spontaneous & induced mutations, chemical and physical mutagens, Ames test. DNA repair mechanisms- photo reactivation, excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, and SOS response. Repair defects & human diseases. Chromosomal aberrations- changes in chromosome structure & number, inherited disorders.

Unit V Extracytoplasmic inheritance & Population Genetics

Cytoplasmic organelles & symbionts, DNA in mitochondria & chloroplast, cytoplasmic male sterility in plants, maternal effects.

Population Genetics: Genetic variation, Random mating, Genetic frequency and Hardy-Weinberg law.

 

BTE 222   Molecular Biology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• understand the central dogma of molecular biology.
• understand process of prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication.
• know machinery involved in Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
• get a detailed insight of mechanism and regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation process.
• study the molecular mechanisms of antisense and ribozyme technology.

Unit 1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene structure and function.

Structure and properties of nucleic acids, Central dogma of molecular biology, Prokaryotic gene structure and organization, Eukaryotic genome structure and chromosome organization

Unit II: Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

DNA Replication in prokaryotes & eukaryotes, enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA Replication, Recombination (Holliday model), FLP/ FRT and Cre/ Lox recombination, Rec A and other recombinases.

Unit III: Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic transcription (Initiation ,Elongation & Termination), RNA Polymerase, General & Specific Transcription Factors, Regulatory elements & mechanism of transcription regulation, Post transcriptional gene silencing(PTGS), Modifications in RNA (5’ cap formation, Transcription termination, 3’end processing & Polyadenylation, Splicing, Editing), Nuclear export of mRNA, m-RNA stability.

Unit IV: Machinery involved in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation, the translation machinery, Mechanism of initiation, elongation, termination, Regulation of translation, Co & post translational modification of proteins, Localization of proteins, synthesis of secretory & membrane proteins, Import into nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast & peroxisomes, receptor mediated endocytosis.

Unit V: Antisense and Ribozyme Technology.

Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules-Inhibition of splicing, polyadenylation, translation. disruption of RNA structure & capping, Biochemistry of ribozymeshammerhead, hairpin, other ribozymes, strategies for designing ribozymes, Application of antisense & ribozyme technology, Viral & cellular oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes from humans, structure, function and Mechanism of action of Prb & p53 tumor suppressor proteins.

 

BTE 223    Immunology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• understand the various cells involved in Immune system.
• learn the cellular and molecular aspects of Immune system.
• study about the regulation of Immune response and Antigen – Antibody reactions.
• learn about the applied aspects of Immunology.

Unit: I Introduction to immune system

Basic Immunology: - Phylogeny of immune system, Innate and acquired immunity, Clonal nature of immune response. Cells of the Immune system: Hematopoiesis and differentiation, Lymphocyte trafficking, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, NK and Lymphokine activated killer cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and Mast Cells. Organization and structure of lymphoid organs

Unit: II Cellular and molecular aspects

Nature and biology of antigens and super antigens. Immunoglobulin: structure, types and their function, Major histocompatibility complex, B-Cell Receptor and T-Cell Receptor, generation and diversity, Complement system

Unit: III Immune response & its regulation

Antigen processing and presentation, generation of Humoral and Cell mediated immune responses, B- and T- cell maturation, activation and differentiation, Cytokines and their role in immune regulation, T-cell regulation, MHC restriction, Immunological tolerance, Cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Mechanism of T cell and NK cell mediated lysis, Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, and macrophage mediated cytotoxicity

Unit: IV Antigen- antibody interactions

Precipitation, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Agglutination, RIA, ELISA, Immunofluorescence

Unit: V Advanced concepts in Immunology

Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, Vaccine development and immunization programme, Transplantation & immunization programe , Immunity of infectious agents (intracellular parasites, helminthes and viruses), Tumor Immunology, AIDS and other immunodeficiencies, Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal antibodies.

 

BTE 224 Genetic Engineering

Objectives: To enable students to-

• get an insight of tools of genetic engineering.
• understand steps involved in the formation of genomic library and fundamentals of gene sequencing.
• know the strategies of genome mapping and analysis of genetic variations.
• understand the techniques involved in gene expression studies.
• know and understand in detail strategies of gene delivery.

Unit I Tools of genetic engineering

Scope and milestones in genetic engineering, Basic tools and techniques used in recombinant DNA technology: Restriction endonuclease, DNA modifying enzymes, cloning vectors: plasmids, bacteriophage, cosmid, phagemids, in vitro construction of vectors, expression vectors. Principle and uses of nucleic acid hybridization. Principle and applications of polymerase chain reaction, in vitro DNA synthesis, in vitro transcription and translation.

Unit II Sequencing of genes

DNA and genomic library: m- RNA enrichment, reverse transcription, Linkers, Adaptors, Screening of c DNA and genomic library, Sequencing and mapping: Sequencing vector, fluorescent tagging, Automated DNA sequencing, Pyrosequencing, Restriction mapping and map construction, Application of sequence information for identification of defective genes, Q-PCR.

Unit III Molecular Mapping of Genome

Genetic and physical mapping, Genome sequencing: genome size, organelle genome, YAC, BAC libraries, strategies of genome sequencing, Analysis of genetic variations: RAPD, RFLP, AFLP and other molecular marker techniques, application of RFLP in forensic studies, disease prognosis, genetic counselling, pedigree analysis etc.

Unit IV Gene Therapy and Patenting

Agrobacterium mediated transformation, electoporation, particle bombardment, microinjection, Gene therapy: Target gene replacement, gene knockout technique, computer aided drug designing, Patenting of cloned life forms. Site directed mutagenesis and protein engineering

Unit V Gene expression and Analysis

DNA and protein microarray technology, RNase protection assay, Reporter gene assay, northern blotting and S1 nuclease assay, Heterologous gene expression in bacteria, yeasts, insects, mammals and plants. codon optimization

 

BTE 225   Plant Biotechnology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• understand the basics of Plant Biotechnology.
• study various techniques used in Plant Tissue Culture.
• become acquainted with the genetic manipulations in Plant tissues and use of different markers in Plant Biotechnology.
• analyze various industrial applications of Plant Biotechnology.

Unit I Introduction to plant tissue culture

Aseptic technique, Safety, Preparation and sterilization of apparatus & reagents, synthetic media, culture vessels used. Plant tissue culture: Concept of totipotency, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Callus growth patterns/characteristics, organogenesis, hairy root culture. Somaclonal variations, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seeds, anther and pollen culture, embryo culture and significance of haploid plants.

Unit II Protoplast technology & micropropagation in plants

Isolation & fusion, somatic hybridization and cybrids. Production of virus free plants, Production of secondary metabolites, indexing for plant pathogens, Plant tissues culture and germplasm conservation. Material for Micropropagation, Advantages of Micropropagation, Types and Methods of Micropropagation and Applications of Micropropagation, Plant tissue culture techniques for crop improvement.

Unit III Gene delivery methods in intact and cultured tissues and cells

Agrobacterium mediated transformation, Ti and Ri Plasmid, Co-integration and Binary vectors, Direct DNA Uptake, Microinjection Delivery, use of 35S and other promoters, use of reporter genes. Techniques for production of transgenic plants resistant to herbicides, pathogens, pests and abiotic stresses (drought, salt & frost). PR Proteins, Nematode resistance, antifungal proteins, thionins, long shelf life of fruits & flowers, use of ACC synthase, polygalacturanase, ACC Oxidase, male sterility lines, bar & barnase system, carbohydrate composition & storage, ADP glucose, pyrophosphatase.

Unit IV Choloroplast Transformation, Secondary Metabolites Production,

Metabolic Engineering

Advantages, vectors, success with tobacco and potato. Metabolic engineering & industrial products. Plant secondary metabolites, control mechanisms & manipulation of phenylpropanoid pathway, alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate, therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes, antibodies, edible vaccines. Purification strategies, Oleosin partitioning technology

Unit V Seed Biology

Seed biology, technology &role in agriculture, seed certification, seed banks, terminator gene technology & implications, plant as chemical & pharmaceutical factories, biosafety & GM food crops

 

BTE 226   Laboratory II

• Study of mitosis and meiosis.
• X – Chromosome detection through Barr body experiment.
• To study mitosis in onion root tips
• To study meiosis in onion buds
• Isolation of plasmid DNA
• Isolation of genomic DNA
• Spectrophotometric quantitation of nucleic acids
• Demonstration of lac operon
• Blood film preparation and identification of cells.
• Ouchterlony double diffusion
• Dot ELISA
• Demonstrations:
  • Sandwich ELISA
  • Latex agglutination
  • Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis
• Restriction digestion of _DNA
• Ligation
• Transformation of DH5_ (including preparation of competent cells)
• Demonstartions:
  • Conjugation
  • Reporter gene assay (GFP)
• Preparation of media.
• Explant inoculation
• Callus induction
• Protoplast isolation and fusion
• Synthetic seed preparation
• Any other practical based on theory syllabus

 

Semester - III

Review Report  (Paper code: BTE 321)

The review report of M.Sc. III semester will be based on a detailed review of any one of the topics listed in syllabus in about 100 pages. This review will be evaluated by the supervisor, Head of the Department and any other person appointed by the Principal.

 

Dissertation  (Paper code: BTE 322)

The dissertation work will involve practical work on a problem suggested by the supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation report at the end of III semester. This dissertation report will be examined by the supervisor of the student, Head of the Department and any other person appointed by Principal.

 

 

Semester-IV

BTE 421   Animal Cell Science and Technology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• learn the basics of Animal cell culture.
• know the various growth requirements and concept of differentiation of animal cells in vitro conditions.
• become acquainted with the techniques for manipulating the cells lines inlaboratory conditions.
• know the applications of animal cell culture.

Unit I Introduction to animal cell culture

Structure, organization and biology of animal cell, Principles of animal cell culture, need to express in animal cell, Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technique General concept of differentiation and dedifferentiation

Unit II Growth requirements and kinetics:

Media Development of simple growth media , Introduction to balanced salt solution, Chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium, Role of CO2, Role of serum supplements, Serum and protein free defined media and their applications, Biology and characterization of cultured cells, measuring parameters of growth.

Unit III Animal cell culture and its types

Primary and established cell line cultures, Cell lines- Introduction, diversity and selection, nomenclature, routine maintenance and cryopreservation, Disaggregation of tissue and primary culture, Cell separation, , Organ and histotypic cultures.

Unit IV Characterization and manipulation of cells,

Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity, Cell synchronization, Cell cloning and micromanipulation, Cell transformation, Scaling-up of animal cells, Measurement of cell death, Apoptosis.

Unit V Applications of animal cell culture

Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering, Application of animal cell culture, Stem cell culture, embryonic stem cells and their applications, Cell culture based vaccines, Somatic cell genetics, Cell hybridization, Hybridomas and their selection, application of cell hybridization.

 

BTE 422    Virology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• study general properties of viruses
• learn the techniques for cultivation of viruses
• study bacteriophages
• know about the animal and plant viruses.

Unit-I General Virology

Brief outline on discovery of viruses, nomenclature and classification of viruses: distinctive properties of viruses; morphology & ultra structure; capsids & their arrangements; types of envelops and their composition-viral genome, their types and structures; virus related agents (viroids, prions)

Unit-II Cultivation and Assay of viruses

Cultivation in embryonated eggs, Experimental animals, cell cultures; primary, secondary, suspension and monolayer cell culture, Cell lines and transgenic systems; serological methods-Haemagglutination & HAI, complement fixation; immunofluorescence methods, ELISA and Radioimmunoassay; assay of viruses-physical and chemical methods (protein, nucleic acid, radioactivity tracers, electron microscopy)- infectivity assay (plaque method end point method)- Infectivity assay of plant viruses.

Unit-III Viruses of Prokaryotes

Bacteriophages: Structural organization, Replication of phages (Lytic and Lysogeny cycle), Stages of one step growth curve, Burst size, bacteriophage typing, Application of bacteriophage in bacterial genetics, Salient features of M13, Mu.T7,T4,Lambda P1 and General account of Cyanophages.

Unit-IV Plant viruses

Effect of viruses on plants, Appearance of plants; histology , physiology and cytology of plants; virus disease of plants ;paddy (Rice Tungro, Rice Hozablanca) tomato(Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl, Tomato Mottle) and sugarcane (Sugarcane Mosaic); algae, fungi, Transmission of plant virus with vectors (insects, nematodes, fungi) and without vectors  (contact, seed and pollens), Prevention of crop loss due to virus infection- virus free planting material; vector control.

Unit- V Animal viruses

Epidemiology, life cycle, pathogenicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of RNA viruses, Picorna , Ortho Myxo, Paramyxo, Toga , Rhabdo, Rota, Retroviruses, Oncogenic viruses, Viral vaccines (conventional vaccines, recombinant vaccines, vaccines used in national immunization programmes with example , newer generation vaccines including DNA vaccines with examples) interferon , and antiviral drugs.

 

BTE 423    Bioprocess Engineering and Technology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• get an overview of design of Bioreactor types 
• learn various techniques of isolation and screening of industrially important micro organisms.
• understand the rationale of medium formulation for bioprocesses.
• understand downstream processing and whole cell immobilization.

Unit I Introduction of bioprocess engineering

Bioreactors: Conventional and Specialized bioreactors (pulsed, fluidized, photo bioreactors), Types of fermentation processes batch, fed batch and continuous cultures. Energy requirement, yield, P/O quotients, analysis of mixed microbial populations.

Unit II Isolation and screening strategies of industrially important cultures

Isolation of cultures, screening for activities, inoculum preparation Scale up and pilot plants. Microbial kinetics of growth and death, Culture preservation, maintenance, Strain improvement.

Unit III Medium formulation and control of bioprocess parameters

Media for industrial fermentation, Air and media sterilization, Process control ( various parameters;: pH, temperature, oxygen, foam)

Unit IV Downstream processing

Introduction, Removal of microbial cells and solid matter, foam separation, cell disruption, precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, liquid-liquid extraction, chromatography, membrane process, Drying and crystallization.,

Unit V Enzyme and Whole cell immobilization

Techniques of immobilization. Application of immobilization in Biotechnology. Biosafety

 

BTE 424   Industrial Biotechnology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• understand the role if genetic manipulation techniques in bioprocess engineering.
• study the application of microbes in industrial production of chemicals.
• get acquainted with various aspects of metabolic engineering.
• learn about different process and understand food technology.

Unit I Genetic manipulation techniques

Rationale for the design of vectors for the over expression of recombinant proteins, selection of suitable promoter sequence, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminator, fusion protein tags, purification tags, protease cleavage sites and enzymes, plasmid copy number, inducible expression system.

Unit II Industrial applications of microbes

Industrial Production of chemicals utilizing wastes: Alcohol (ethanol) acids (citric, acetic and gluconic), solvents (glycerol, acetone, butanl),antibiotics (Penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline), Amino acids (lysine, glutamic acid), Single Cell Protein.Use of microbes in mineral beneficiation and oil recovery. Biofilms and biocorrosion.

Unit III Secondary Metabolites

Metabolic engineering of secondary metabolites. Biosynthetic pathways. Genes for biosynthesis of microbial secondary metabolites. Role of elicitors.

Unit IV Processes 

Anaerobic fermentations, mammalian cell culture, plant cell culture, animal cell culture.

Unit V Introduction to food Technology

Elementary idea of canning and packing, Sterilization and pasteurization of Food Products, Technology of typical Food/Food Products bread, cheese idli), Food Preservation.

 

BTE 425   Environmental Biotechnology

Objectives: To enable students to-

• learn about water resources and analyze the waste water as well as solid waste management techniques
• learn about the Environmental genetics and it’s contribution to environmental management.
• become acquainted with various legal concerns of Bioresources.

Unit I Water as natural Resources and it’s management

Water: Natural (scarce) resource and its management, sources of water pollution and biological treatment processes (domestic sewage and industrial effluent) and their microbiology. Aerobic Processes: Oxidation pools, Rotating Biological Discs, Rotating Drums, Anaerobic Processes: Anaerobic digestion, Anaerobic filter, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, Advanced treatment technology – Methanogenesis, Methanogenic, acetogenic and fermentative bacteria – technical process and conditions.

Unit II Solid as natural resources and it’s management

Solid wastes: Sources and management (composting, vermiculture and Methane production), Bioremediation and Biorestoration of contaminated soils and wasteland. Hazardous wastes- source management and safety. Biopesticides in Integrated Pest Management.

Unit III Biodegradation of Xenobiotics

Biodegradation of xenobiotics in environment – Organisms involved in degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, substituted simple aromatic compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, surfactants and microbial treatment of oil pollution.

Unit IV Environmental Genetics

Degradative plasmids, release of genetically engineered microbes in environment. Global environmental Problems: UV- B and Ozone depletion, Green House Effect and acid rain, their effects and biotechnological approaches for management, Methodology for environmental management- the problem solving approach and it’s limitations.

Unit V Biodiversity and its conservation

Plant germplasm collection including of wild species, intra specific variations in crop plants, and molecular characterization of variations, Issues of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and legal concerns of bioresources.

 

BTE 426    Laboratory

• Introduction to Animal Cell Culture and lay out of Animal Cell Culture Laboratory
• Hemocytometry
• Cell viability
• Study of viral diseases of plants/animals/human (Specimen/photographs)
• Different type of viruses (Photographs/sketches).
• Phage titration
• Growth Kinetics
• Wine Production.
• Citric Acid fermentation
• Determination of Biomass Yield
• Isolation of Xenobiont degrading microorganisms
• Determination of Thermal Death Point
• To test the production of enzymes: Amylases, proteases, lipases and cellulases by microorganisms.
• Isolation and identification of common microorganisms spoiling food (Fungi and bacteria).
• Preparation of fermented foods (Saukeraut) .
• Determination of number of bacteria in milk by
  • Standard plate count
  • Direct microscopic count
• Testing of milk by MBRT
• Detection of Coliforms for determination of purity of potable water.
• Determination of TS of water sample.
• Determination of TDS of water sample.
• Determination of Dissolved Oxygen concentration of water sample.
• Determination if Biological Oxygen Demand of sewage sample.
• Determination Chemical Oxygen Demand of sewage sample.
• 24. Estimation of nitrate in drinking water.
• Any other practical based on theory syllabus