IIS University - International College for Girls - ICG Courses

M.Sc. (Zoology)

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Duration: 2 Years

Eligibility: Graduation

Course Syllabus

Semester – I

 ZOL 121 Biosystematics, Taxonomy &Evolution

Unit  I

Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics and taxonomy

• Importance and applications of biosytematics in biology
• Material basis of biosystematics-different attributes
• Trends in biosystematics-
  • Chemotaxonomy
  • Cytotaxonomy
  • Molecular taxonomy

Unit  II

Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters

• Dimensions of speciation – types of lineage changes, production of additional lineage
• Mechanisms of speciation in panmictic and apomictic species
• Species concept- Species category, different species concept, subspecies and other infra specific categories
• Theories of Biological classification , Hierarchy of categories
• Taxonomic characters – different kinds, origin of reproductive isolation

Unit   III

Procedure keys in taxonomy

• Taxonomy procedures-Taxonomic collections, preservations, curetting process of identification
• Taxonomic keys-Different kinds of Taxonomic keys, their merits and demerits
• Systematic publication-Different kinds of publications
• Process of typification and different zoological types
• International code of Zoological nomenclature (ICZN) – its operative principles, interpretation and application of important rules, Zoological nomenclature, formation of scientific names of various taxa.
• Evaluation of biodiversity indices:
• Shannon-Weinner index, dominance index

Unit  IV

Concept of evolution and theories of organic evaluation with an emphasis on Darwinism.

• Micro and Macro-evolution
• Neo-Darwinism
• Hardy –Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium
• A detailed account of Destabilizing forces:
  • Natural selection
  • Mutation
  • Genetic drift
  • Migration
  • Meiotic drive

Unit  V

Genetics of quantitative traits in populations

• Analysis of quantitative traits
• Quantitative traits and natural selection
• Genotype-environment interactions
• Inbreeding depression and heterosis
• Molecular analysis of quantitative traits
• Phenotypic plasticity
• Molecular phylogenetics
• How to construct phylogenetic trees
• Phylogenetic inference-Distance methods, parsimony methods, maximum likelihood method
• Immunological techniques

 

ZOL-122  Cell Biology

Unit   I

• Cell Theory
• Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Bio-membranes
  • Molecular composition and function
  • ransport across cell membrane: diffusion, active transport and pumps.
  • Co-transport by symporters or antiporters

Unit   II

Cytoskeleton

• Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubulesstructure and dynamics
• Cell movements-Intracellular transport, role of kinesin and dynein

Unit   III

Cell –Cell Signaling and Cell Interaction

• Introduction
• Cell surface receptors
• Second messenger system
• MDP kinase pathways

Cell junctions

Cell adhesion

Unit   IV

Cell cycle

• Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases
• Regulation of CDK – cyclin activity Chromosomes, Chromatin, and the Nucleosomes
• Chromosome sequence and diversity
• Nucleosomes

Unit   V

Intracellular protein traffic

• Protein synthesis
• Uptake into ER
• Membrane proteins, Golgi sorting, Post translational modifications Apoptosis
• Definition ,mechanism and significance

 

ZOL-123    Structure and Function of Invertebrates

Unit  I

Basis of classification (brief account)-:

• Symmetry, coelom, segmentation, embryogeny and level of organization Locomotion
• Flagellar and ciliary movement in protozoa
• Hydrostatic movement in Coelenterate, Annelida and Echinodermata

Unit   II

Nutrition and digestion

• Filter feeding in Polychaeta, Mollusca and Echinodermata Respiration
• Organs of respiration – gills, lungs and trachea
• Respiratory pigments
•  Mechanism of respiration

Unit  III

Excretion

• Organs of excretion: coelom, coelomoducts, nephridia and Malphigian tubules
• Mechanism of excretion
• Excretion and osmoregulation Trends in Neural Evolution
• Primitive nervous system -Coelenterata and Echinodermata
• Advanced nervous system- Annelida, Arthropoda (Crustacean and Insecta) and Mollusca (Cephalopoda)

Unit   IV

Invertebrate larvae

• Larval forms of free living invertebrates
• Larval forms of parasites
• Significance of larval forms

Unit  V

Minor Phyla (Ctenophora,Rhyncocoela,Entoprocta,Rotifera,Bryozoa,Phoronida)

• Concept and significance
• Organization and general characters

ZOL-124    Biochemistry

Unit  I

Biocatalysis

• Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
• Mechanism of enzyme action
• Enzyme kinetics
• Inhibition of enzyme
• Isoenzymes and co-enzymes Energy consideration
• Biological oxidation and reduction
• Fundamental reactions of biological oxidation
• Redox potential and electron transfer system enzymes

Unit   II

Carbohydrates

• Definition , general properties, classification and configuration of carbohydrates  Metabolism
• Catabolism of glycogen and glucose, details of glycolysis , Krebs cycle and Cori’s cycle
• Phosphogluconate pathways(pentose phosphate pathway) Synthesis of glycogen; glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis Inborn errors of metabolism

Unit   III

Lipids

• Definition, general properties and classification
• Structure and importance of -:
  • Simple lipids- fats and wax
  • Compound lipids- phospholipids, glycolipids, aminolipids and sulpholipids
  • Steroids- cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones
  •  Lipoproteins

Lipid Metabolism- Beta oxidation and Lipogenesis.

Inborn errors of metabolism

Unit  IV

General properties and classification of proteins

•  Amino acid structure and classification
• Structure of protein-Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quartenary
• Ramachandran plots
• Globular and fibrous protein- motif in globular proteins
• Protein sequencing

Unit  V

Protein metabolism

• Amino acid degradation:Deamination reaction- Oxidative and non oxidative deamination reaction, transamination and transdeamination, Decarboxylation, Ornithine cycle of urea formation , Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids(Metabolism of individual amino acid excluded) Inborn errors of metabolism

 

ZOL-125   Practical

Invertebrates

Identification, classification & study of distinguishing features of representatives from various groups.

Phylum Protozoa- Polystomella, Formanifera, Opalina, Paramecium(Fission & conjugation) Vorticella, Euglena, Trypanosoma,Monocytsis,Plasmodium.

Phylum Porifera-Sycon L.S & T.S, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Leucosolenia, Euplectella Phylum Cnidaria- Obelia,( polyp & Medusa), Millepora, Physalia, Pennatula, Metridium, Madrepora, Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Aurelia.

Phylum Helminthes- Ascaris, Taenia, Planaria Phylum Annelida- Pontobdella, Aphrodite, Leech, Polygordius, Chaetopterus, Neries, Heteroneries, Arenicola.

Phylum Arthropoda- Cyclops, Peripatus, Balanus, Lepas, Hippa, Belostoma, Limulus, Eupagurus, Julus, Scolopendra, Praying mantis.

Phylum Mollusca- Murex, Bulla, Cardium, Arca, Turritella, Pinctada, Cypraea, Octopus, Nautilus.

Phylum Echinodermata- Echinus, Holothuria, Antedon, Asterias

Minor Phyla- Bugula, Plumatella, Crestatella, Pectinella,Phoronis, Dendrostoma

Larval Stages: Planula, Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst,Cercaria,Metacercaria Trochophore, Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis, Phyllosoma, Trilobite larva of Limulus, Velligar, Bipinnaria, Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria

Dissections:

• Cockroach: General anatomy, Reproductive system, Nervous system
• Mytilus Nervous system
• Sepia Nervous system
• Echinus Aristotle’s lantern

Biosystematics, taxonomy and evolution

• Composition and assessment of the taxonomic diversity/biodiversity in a habitat (e.g. grassland, arid land, wet land etc.)
• Estimation of gene and genotypic frequencies in light of Hardy-Weinberg law based on facial traits/thumb prints, ABO blood group data etc.
• Project: Preparation of models showing the status of certain taxa or species in a particular habitat.

Cell Biology

• Preparation of different cell types: Liver Hepatocytes , Adipocytes, Spleen cells
• Study of Polytene chromosomes in salivary glands of Chironomus larva/Drosophila
• Light microscopic examination and preparation of tissue sections.
• Study of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from permanent prepared slides.
• Preparation of slides for mitotic study.
• Preparation of slides for meiotic study in the testis of grasshopper.
• Preparation of multipolar nerve cell from the spinal cord of a mammal.
• Barr body preparation in buccal epithelial cells.

Biochemistry

• Qualitative analysis of Lipid, protein and Carbohydrate samples
• Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric estimation of :
  • Carbohydrate-Glucose,glycogen,cholesterol etc.
  • Protein
  • Phospholipids
  • Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA
• Analysis of enzyme activity
• Study of temperature effect on enzyme action

 

Semester - II

ZOL-221   General Physiology

Unit   I

Digestion

• Digestive enzymes and digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids-intestinal absorption-co-ordination of digestive activities- assimilation and partitioning of food energy Physiology of movement
• Ultrastructure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
• Muscle contraction
• Physical properties of muscle

Unit  II

Respiration

• Gases in external environment. Respiratory organs and their ventilation. Respiratory pigments, BMR- transport of respiratory gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide),nervous and chemical control of respiration Circulation
•  Vascular pumps,Cardiac muscle properties. Heart beat and its regulation, coagulation, cardiac rhythm, Role of haemoglobin.

Unit  III 

Osmotic and ionic regulation

• Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, air breathing vertebrates Excretion
• Vertebrate kidney and formation of urine-nitrogen excretion- renal regulation of acid base balance

Unit  IV

Information processing in sensory and nervous system

• Nervous System- Structural elements,Membrane potential, Nerve impulse propagation, Synapse and Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
• Sensory system-Eye and Ear

Unit V

Chemical correlation and Neuroendocrine control  Endocrine glands (Structure ,Function, Synthesis and Disorders)

• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Adrenal
• Pancreas
• Parathyroid
  • Mechanism of Hormone action
  • Hormonal control of male and female reproduction and implantation, parturition and lactation in mammals.

 

ZOL-222  Tools & Techniques

Unit  I

Principle and application of :-

• Light microscopy and micrometry
• Phase contrast microscopy
• Interference microscopy
• Polarized microscopy
• Fluorescence microscopy
• Transmission electron microscopy
• Scanning electron microscopy
• Confocal scanning microscopy

Unit  II

Principle and application of :-

• Ultracentrifugation :Differential and density gradient
• Electrophoresis: Agarose,PAGE, isoelectro-focussing points and capillary electrphoresis
• Chromatography:Paper,TLC,GLC,HPLC,ion-exchange and affinity chromatography
• Freeze techniques:Freeze –drying,Freeze substitution,Freeze fracture and freeze itch
• X-ray diffraction
• Lamberts – Beer’s Law and Colorimetery,
• Spectrophotometery:fluorescence,UV,NMR,, ESR.
• Flow cytometery/fluorescence activated cell sorter

Unit  III

Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology

• Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes
• Tracer techniques in biology
• Auotoradiography
• Geiger Muller counter
• Scintillation Counter

Unit  IV 

Principles and technique of :-

• Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves
• Sequencing of nucleic acids
• Blotting techniques(southern,northern and western)
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries

Unit   V

• Hybridoma technology
• Embryo sexing
• Assisted reproductive technologies
• Cell culture techniques:-culture media, primary and secondary culture,cell line,transformation,techniques (in brief)Cell proliferation measurements,Cell viability test

 

ZOL-223   Molecular Biology and

Unit  I

DNA Replication

• Prokaryotic & eukaryotic DNA replication
• Mechanics of DNA replication
• Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication
• DNA Repair mechanism

Unit  II

Transcription

• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription
• RNA polymerases
• General and specific transcription factors Post transcriptional modification in RNA
• 5’ cap formation
• Transcription termination
• 3’ end processing and polyadenylation
• Splicing
• Nuclear export of mRNA
• mRNA stability

Unit  III

Translation

• Genetic code
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation
• Translational machinery
• Mechanisms of Initiation, Elongation and termination
• Regulation of Translation
• Co and post translational modifications of protein

Recombination and repair

Holiday junction, Gene targeting, Gene disruption FLP/ FRT and Cre/lox recombination Rec A and other recombinases

Unit  IV

Molecular mapping of Genome

• Genetic and physical maps
• Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome analysis
• Molecular markers in genome analysis: RFLP,RAPD and AFLP analysis

Unit   V

Principle and technique of genetic engineering

• Cutting and joining of DNA molecules
• Analysing DNA sequences
• Cloning strategies, gene library and cDNA
• Application of recombinant DNA technology
  •  Recombination selection and screening
  •  Nucleic acid probes and their application
  • Transgenic animals and knock outs

 

ZOL-224  Environmental Science & Wildlife Management

Unit   I

Biogeochemical cycles(C,O,N,P,S)

Population ecology

• Natality and mortality,Population age, distribution,population growth curves,Density indices of abundance,Factors affecting population growth, population regulation

Unit  II

Environmental pollution –air, water, soil and green house effect Concept of sustainable development

Unit III

Principles of conservation

• Water conservation- rain water harvesting
• Soil conservation Biological indicators and their role in environmental monitoring

Unit  IV

• Wildlife – definition, zoogeography of India and world with reference to reptiles, birds and mammals, reasons for conservation and destruction of wildlife, value of wildlife in modern civilization
• Indian species at risk- endangered , vulnerable, rare and intermediate (with examples)

Unit  V

Habitat diversity, habit analysis-quadrants, transects and grids  Indian wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves(definition and differences) Wildlife (protection) Act of1972. IUCN and Red data book.

CITES(Convention on international trade in endangered species)Appendices I &II Conservation

• Remote sensing in conservation of forest and wildlife
• Radiotelemetry in wildlife management

 

ZOL-225  Practicals

Environmental Science and Wildlife Management Water Evaluation Analysis

• Determination of chloride the given water sample.
• Estimation of total hardness of given water sample.
• To determine the acidity of water.
• To determine the alkalinity of water.
• To estimate total solid in water.
• To estimate total dissolved solid in water sample.
• To determine the dissolved oxygen in given water sample.
• To determine the BOD of given water sample.
• To determine the free CO2 of given water sample.
• To estimate the Calcium hardness of water.
• To estimate Magnesium hardness of given water sample.

Soil Analysis

• Determination of organic matter in soil sample.
• Determination of Co3- & HCo3- in soil sample.
• Estimation of chlorophyll in plant material.
• Determination of leaf area index.
• Determination of residual chloride in water sample.
• Determination of moisture in soil.
• Determination of minimum size of quadrant.
• Determination of quadrate in field.
• Study of community of quadrate.
• Determination of dust holding capacity of leaves.
• Determination of bulk density of the given soil sample.
• Determination of water holding capacity of soil.
• Test for presence of inorganic salts in soil.
• A visit to a sanctuary/National Park. (Preparation of Report)

 

Semester - III

ZOL-321   Structure & Function of Vertebrates

Unit  I

• Outline classification of vertebrates
• Comparative study of various systems in vertebrate  groups(Pisces,Amphibia,Reptile,Aves,Mammal)
  • Vertebrate integument and its derivatives-
• Development, general structure and functions of skin & its derivatives(Glands, scales, feathers and hair)

Unit  II

• Circulatory System-
  • Evolution of heart
  • Evolution of Aortic arches
• Respiratory system

Unit  III

• Skeletal system-
  • Form, function, body size and skeletal elements of the body, Comparative account of skull, jaw suspensorium, vertebral column, Limbs and girdles

Unit  IV

• Urinogenital system - Comparative study of Kidney, Testis and Ovary and their ducts

Unit   V

f) Sense organs

• Simple receptors
• Organs of olfaction and taste
• Lateral line system
• Electroreception

g) Nervous system

• Comparative anatomy of the brain in relation to its function

Units Topics Teaching  Hours

Unit  I

•  The Gene bank sequence database
• Structure data base
• Sequence analysis
• Information retrieval from Biological database
• NCBI data model
• Sequence Alignment and database searching

Unit  II

• Practical aspects of multiple sequence alignment
• Phylogenetic analysis
• Predictive methods using Protein sequences
• Predictive methods using Nucleotide sequences of Mice and Men: Navigating public physical mapping
• ACEDB:A database for genome information
• Submitting DNA sequence to the database

Unit   III

Computer Basics

• MS-Office
• Operating Systems(Unix and DOS)
• Hardware and Software
• Multimedia
• Network Concepts(LAN,WAN)
• Internet
• Web Servers, Web Access
• Security
• HTML,HTTP

Unit  IV

• Matrices and vectors(General idea – addition , subtraction, Scalar multiplication, multiplication of matrices)
•  Exponential functions(definition & Graph)
• Periodic Functions( definition & Graph)
• Differentiation( Rules of differentiation)
• Integration(Rules of indefinite & definite integration)

Unit   V

• Central tendency-Mean, median and mode
• Graphical & diagrammatic representation( pie chart, bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve)
• Measures of dispersion, range, Q.D, standard deviation and coefficient of variation
• Probability distribution(Elementary idea about)

 

ZOL-322    Bioinformatics, Computer Applications & Quantitative Biology

Paper Code: 323A

Special Paper: Cancer And Radiation Biology I

Unit I

Introduction : Cancer as a cellular disease.

• Historical perspective.
• Cancer causation.
• Cancer treatment.
• Death due to cancer.

Occurrence of cancer.

• Present day status of cancer in India.
• Status of cancer occurrence in different parts of the world.
• Cancer of different sex.
• Cancer of different age groups.

Tumor classification.

• Benign and malignant tumors.
• Sarcoma, carcinoma.
• Leukemia and lymphoma.
• Ascites tumors.
• Teratocarcinoma.

Unit II

Staging and grading of cancer.

• In vitro cell transformation.
• Apoptosis

Cancer cell :

• Structural and ultrastructural profiles.
• Biochemical properties.
• Behavior properties.

Genetic basis of cancer :

• Basic concepts of cancer genetics.
•  Relationship between cancer incidence and age.
• Cellular and genetic basis of cancer.
• Types of genetic risk factor for cancer.
• Chromosomal abnormalities in tumor.
• Heritable cancer and tumor suppressor.

Oncogene

• Introduction.
• Detection of oncogenes in human cancer cells,.
• Activation of oncogenes.
• Antioncogenes

Unit III

Cancer cell growth patterns and cell kinetics :

• Tumor growth.
• Cell cycle.
• Cell proliferation in tumor tissue.
• Experimental tumor.
• Human tumors.
• Cell proliferation, prognosis and therapies.
• Cell proliferation, prognosis and therapies.

Metastasis

• Introduction.
• Metastatic process.
• Metastatic ability of tumor cell population.
• Properties of metastatic cell.
• Genetic basis of metastasis.

Unit IV

Introduction to radiation

• Types –ionizing and non-ionizing
• Sources- Natural andManmade
• Radiation dosimetry

Radiation chemistry.

Radiolysis of water.

• Hydrogen peroxide formation.
• Reactions in aqueous organic solutions.
• Direct and indirect effects.
• Oxygen effect.

Unit V

Cellular radiobiology.

• Survival curves.
• Radiosensitivity of cell cycle phases.
• Factors influencing radio sensitivity (oxygen effect chemical modifiers).

Cytogenetic effects of radiation.

• Chromosomal aberrations.
• Micronuclei induction.
• Radiation mutations.

 

Special Paper

ZOL 323B   Cell and Molecular Biology

Unit I

Biomembranes.

• Phospholipids : main lipid constituent.
• Cytosolic and exoplasmic face of biomembranes.
• Universality of biomembranes.
• Difference in phospholipid composition in two membrane leaflets. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins.
• Integral and glycolipids.
• Mobility of lipids and integral proteins in biomembrane.
• Fluidity of bio membrane.
• Cell Junctions (Gap, tight and desmosomes )

Transport across cell membrane.

• Diffusion of small molecules.
• Osmosis and water channels.
• Uniporter-catalyzed transport.
• Intracellular ion environment and membrane

electric potential.

• Active Transport.
• Cotransport by symporters and antiporters.
• Transport across epithelia.

Unit II Cytoskeleton:Structure ,Function and Dynamics of :

• Microfilarnents.
  •  Actin
  •  Myosin :
• Microtubles.
•  Microtubules and mitosis.
• Kinesin and Dynein.
• Intermediate Filaments
  • Cilia and Flagella.
• Structure and movements:
  • Cell-Cell Signaling.
• Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine signaling.
• Receptor Proteins-Cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors.
• Cell surface receptors-G-protein coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, tyrosine kinase linked receptors and receptors with intrinsic enzymatic activity.
• Second messenger system-cAMP and IP3 DAG.
• MAP kinase pathways.
• Signal-Mediated transport through Nuclear Pore.
• Nuclear Pore Complex.
• Nuclear export signals.
• Nuclear localization signals

Unit III

Cell-Cell adhesion and communication.

• Cadherin mediated Ca- dependent homophilic

cell-cell adhesion.

��N-CAMs mediate Ca-independeht homophilic

cell-cell adhesion.

• Cadherin containing junctions connect cells.
• Gap junctions and connexin.

Cell matrix adhesion.

• ï��ï� Integrins
• Collagen
• Non-collagen components of extracellular matrix Cell cycle.
• Partition and cytokinesis.
• Eukaryotic cell cycle-Gl, S, G2 and M phases.
• Cell cycle and check points.
• Molecular basis of cell cycle regulation.
• Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
• Regulation of CDK-cyclin activity.

Unit   IV

Cancer.

• Tumor cells and the onset of cancer.
•  Proto-oncogenesis and tumor suppressor genes.
• Mutation causing loss of cell cycle.
• Mutations affecting genome stability.

Aging: The biology of senescence.

•  Maximum life span and life expectancy.
•  Causes of aging:

Cell Death.

• Apoptosis and necrosis.

Unit  V

Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes.

• Molecular definition of gene.
• Chromosomal organization of genes and noncoding

DNA.

• Mobile DNA.
• Functional rearrangement of chromosomal DNA
• Morphological and functional elements of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Regulation of Gene Expression.

• Operon concept.
• Catabolic repression.
• Positive and Negative regulation.
•  Inducers and co-repressors.

DNA binding proteins and gene regulation.

• DNA binding domains.
• Homeodomain proteins.
• Zinc finger proteins.
• Winged-helix (Forked head) proteins.
• Leucine-Zipper proteins.
• Helix-loop-helix proteins.

 

Semester - III

Paper Code: 323C    Environmental Toxicology I

General Principles of Toxicology

Unit   I

History and Scope of Toxicology

Principles of Toxicology

• Different Areas of Toxicology
• Classification of Toxic Agent
• Spectrum of Undesired Effects

Interaction of Chemicals

• Additive
• Synergistics
• Potentiation
• Antagonism

Dose Response

• Individual or Graded
• Response Relationships
• Quantal Dose
• Dose Response Curves

Variation in Toxic Responses

• Selective Toxicity
• Species Differences
• Individual Differences

Animal Toxicity Tests

• Acute
• Subacute
• Subchronic
• Chronic
• Development and Reproductive Toxicology
• Mutagenicity
• Skin and Eye Irritation

Unit  II

Mechanisms of Toxicity

• Delivery
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Excretion
• Cellular Dysfunctions and resultant toxicities
• Repair or Dysrepair

Biotransformation of Xenobiotics

• Phase I Enzymes (Hydrolysis, Reduction,

Oxidation

• Phase II Enzyme Reactions (Glucuronidation, Sulfation, Methylation, Acelylation, Amino-acid  conjugation Glutathione Conjugation, Phosphorylation)

Risk Assessment

• Hazard Identifications (Assessing Toxicity of Chemicals)
• Risk Characterization
• Risk Perception & comparative Analysis of Risk
• Environmental Impact Assessment

Unit  III

Specific Responses of Toxicity

• Carcionogenesis
• Mutagenecity (Genetic Toxicology)
• Teratogenecity (Development Toxicity)

Unit   IV

Target Organ Toxicity

• Liver
• Kidney
• Nervous System
•  Blood

Unit   V

Physicochemical nature & Effect of Toxic Agents

• Pesticides: (General account )Organochlorine Compound, Antocholinesterase agents and pyrethroids esters
• Metals (Arsenic,Lead, Mercury)
• Industrial Solvents(General account)
• Radiation & Radioactive materials

 

ZOL 323D

Human Genetics- I

 

Unit I

Introduction to Human Genetics

History and development of human genetics; Organisation of the human genome; Genes and chromosome structure, function and inheritance; Genetic study in man- Pedigree analysis, Chromosomal analysis Monogenic and polygenic traits; Elementary idea of c-value paradox;

Unit II

Inborn errors of metabolism: Phenylketonuria;

Neurogenetic disorders: Alzheimer’s disease;

Muscle genetic disorders: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy;

Genetic disorders of Haematopoitic systems: Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemias & Hemophilias;

Multifactorial disorders: Diabetes mellitus;

Mitochondrial syndromes;

Monogenic diseases: Cystic fibrosis, Tay Sach’s Syndrome & Marfan Syndrome;

Complex polygenic syndromes: Hyperlipidemia,

Atherosclerosis

Unit III

Genetic basis of eye disorders: Colour Blindness, Retinitis pigmentosa, Huntington’s disease Chromosomal basis of Genetics disorders Down Syndrome

Patau and Edward Syndrome ,Turner Syndrome , Klinefelter

Syndrome ,Cri-du Chat Syndrome

Unit IV Sex Determination

Various type of systems :XX,XY,XO and ZW Special types of chromosome-sex chromosomes, sex chromatin, B-chromosome, polytene and lampbrush  chromosomes; Numerical and structural changes in the chromosome.

Sex-linked inheritance- X-linked recessive, dominant; Y– linked; Sex-limited and sex-influenced traits Dosage compensation;

Repetitive DNA-satellite

DNAs and interspersed repeated DNAs

Unit V

Cytogenetics

Techniques in the study of chromosomes and applications: Chromosome Banding Techniques G- Banding ,R-Banding C-Banding .Q-Banding ,NOR Staining  Karyotyping,

In situ hybridization

 

Practicals (ZOL-324)

Vertebrates

• Specimen study
• Class- Ascidiaceae
• Herdmania, Botryllus, Pyrosoma, Doliolum, Salpa, Oikopleura Class- Pisces
• Rhinobatus,Chimaera,Acipensor,Amia,Notopterus,Exocoetus,
• Echeneis,Diodon,Triacanthus, Trichurius, Mastacembalus
• ClassAmphibia
• Ichythophis,Ambyostoma,Rhacophorus,Yeganophis, Rana
• Class- Reptilia
• Chelone,Phyronosoma,Chameleon,Draco, Naja, Bungarus, Viper, Alligator
• Class- Aves
• -Koel(male & female),Indian tailor bird, Kite,Jungle Fowl,
• Peacock,Emu,Ostrich,Penguin,Great Indian Bustard, Siberian Crane, Archeopteryx
• Class- Mammalia
• Loris,Indian Otter,Bat,Pangolin,Ornithorhyncus,Kangaroo,
• Whale(any aquatic mammal),Rhesus monkey,Chinkara,Lion

Bones Of Frog,Varanus,Fowl,Rabbit

• Skull
• Vertebrae
• Pectoral & pelvic girdle
• Limb bones

Dissection

Scoliodon-

• Afferent, Efferent Blood vessels
• Eye muscles
• Internal ears
• Cranial nerves

Rat/ MiceThe

• Arterial System
• Venous System
• Digestive System
• Endocrine System
• Reproductive system

Computer Applications

• Exercise Related to Ms-Word.
• Exercise Related to Ms-PowerPoint
• Exercise Related to Ms-Excel
• Exercise Related to DOS
• Exercise Related to Unix
• Exercise Related to Multimedia
• Exercise Related to Web Access
• Exercise Related to HTML
• Exercise Related to HTTP

Quantitative Biology

• Preparation of frequency tables and graphs manually and with help of computers.
• Calculation of standard deviation, variance and standard error of the mean.
• Calculation of Probability and significance between means using t-test and ANOVA test.
• Chi square test for independence of attributes
• Coefficient correlation and regression.

Bioinformatics

• (As per the theory paper)

 

Practicals

ZOL (324)   CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY I

Basics of Cancer Biology and Radiation Biology

•  Study and quantitation of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow of mice.
•  Study of micronuclei in bone marrow of mice
•  Knowledge & use of various instruments , Geiger muller counter, Scintillation counter, Single channel Gamma spectrometer
•  Finding out the physical half life of a given isotope
•  Single isotope method
•  From a mixture of two isotopes
•  Study of histopathological slides of various types of cancers.

 

Practicals (ZOL-324)

Special Paper: Cell and Molecular Biology I

• Use of microscopes
• Use of oculometer: standardization and measurements of cell height,nuclear diameter and tubular diameters
• Use of ocular Grid-standardization and counting of cells or nuclei in cross section or epithelium.
• Determination of the absorption maxima of a solution.
• Determination of relationship between absorption and various concentration of a solution using colorimeter and spectrophotometer.
• Preparation of standard curve for protein ,lipid ,carbohydrate and enzymes.
• Separation techniques
  •  Separation of proteins and DNA by Agaose gel electrophoresis
  •  Separation of proteins on SDS PAGE and PAGE
  •  Separation of amino Acids by paper chromatography
  •  Separation of amino Acids by TLC
• Chromosomal techniques
  •  Preparation of salivary gland chromosome from chironomous
• larva and stain with acetocarmine /acetoorcein and feulgen
  • Preparation of mammalian chromosomes from bone Marrow
• Permanent slides-Types of cells(Squamous,cuboidal,columnar epithelial cells,Nerve cells,Muscle Cells,Connective tissues of various types),adipose tissues,mitotic and meiotic chromosomes and their different phases,Cancer cells of various types.

 

Semester III

Practicals   Environmental Toxicology

Measuring Toxicity

• Study of Acute, Subchronic and Chronic toxicity on the Stored grain pests.
•  Histopathological study in Mammal / Insect (cockroach) after application of known toxicants
• Haematological studies
•  Bio-chemical studies

Analysis of Toxicants by Chromatography

•  Paper
•  TLC
•  GC

Ames Test for mutagenecity

Study of developmental toxicity by using chick embryos

•  Spots

Viva

 

ZOL-324    Human Genetics I

Special Paper:Practical

• Identification of normal and mutant flies ( Drosophila melanogaster)
• Preparation of Drosophila polytene Chromosomes (temporary and permanent preparations)
• Drosophila genetic crosses
• Chromosome preparation from mouse bone marrow and human blood lymphocytes
• G-banding
• karyotyping
• Identification of inactivated X chromosome as Barr body and drumstick
• Genomic DNA isolation and purification from the nuclei and quantitation of DNA by spectrophotometer.
• EcoRI digestion of total DNA and separation of fragments by agarose gel Electrophoresis

 

Semester - IV

ZOL-421    Gene Differentiation & Gamete Biology

Unit   I

Introduction to animal development

• Problems and scope of developmental biology
• Development in unicellular eukaryotes
• Developmental patterns in Metazoans

Developmental mechanism of evolutionary changes

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis & vitellogenesis

• Morphology
• Endocrinology
• Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation
• Ovulation and ovum transport in mammals

Unit  II

Fertilization

Creating multicellularity

• Cleavage types and Blastulation
• Gastrulation in tetrapods

Early Vertebrate development(till differentiation)

•  Neurulation and ectoderm
•  Mesoderm and endoderm

Unit  III

Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous cell specification

• Cell commitment and differentiation
• Cell specification in nematodes
•  Germ cell determinants
• Germ cell migration
• Progressive cell -cell interaction

Body axes

• Establishment of body axis in mammals and birds
•  Genetics of axis specifications in Drosophila

Homeobox concept

Unit   IV

Tetrapod limb development

• Specification of the Limb feids:Hox genes and Retinoic acid
• Induction of the early Limb bud : Fibroblast Growth factors
•  Specification of Forelimb or Himdlimb:Tbx4 and Tbx5
• Induction of the apical Ectodermal ridge
• Generating the Proximal –Distal axis of the limb
• Specification of the Anterior –Posterior limb
•  Generation of the Dorsal –Ventral axis of the limb
• Cooordination of the three axis
• Cell Death and the formation of the digits and Joints

Hormones as mediators of development

• Amphibians Metamorphosis: Morphological Changes, Biochemical Changes associated with metamorphosis and Hormonal Control
• Insect Metamorphosis: Types of insect metamorphosis, Hormonal control

Unit  V

• Chromosomal sex determination in mammals: Testis determining  genes, Ovarian genes
• Secondary sex determination in mammals
• Environmental sex determination
• Stem Cells: Applications
• Teratology

 

ZOL-422  Ethology & Applied Zoology

Unit  I

Introduction of Ethology:-

•  Aims of Behavioural research
•  Diversity of animal behaviour
•  Historical perspective

Concepts of Ethology

•  Fixed action pattern
•  ASE
•  sign stimulus
• Innate releasing mechanism

Unit  II

Brain and behaviour

Behavioural genetics

Reproductive behaviour patterns:-

•  Courtship and Mating
•  Stickleback behaviour
•  Parental care

Unit  III

Social organization

��Dominance hierarchies and Territoriality

Animal communication

• Dance language of Honey bee

Migration: Fish ,Birds

Orientation: Taxes and Kinesis

Unit  IV

Learning

•  Definition and forms
•  Imprinting

Human Ethology –General aspects

Unit   V

Elementary Knowledge of :-

• Sericulture
• Apiculture
• Lac culture
• Pisciculture
• Poultry keeping
• Dairy industry

Elements of Pest control

 

423A   Cancer And Radiation Biology II

Radiotheraphy and Cancer Prevention

Unit   I

Causation of cancer :

• Hereditary cancer.
• Virus and cancer
• Chemical carcinogenesis
• Hormones and cancer
• Nutrition and cancer
• Radiation carcinogenesis:Basic concept of free radicals and their role in cancer

Unit  II

Therapy of cancer.

• Surgical removal.
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy.
• Immunotherapy.
• Hyperthermia.
• Management of therapy of cancer.

Prevention of cancer.

•  Primary prevention : Education, motivation, legislation.
•  Secondary prevention.
  •  Detection of precancerous and early cancerous lesions with body.
  •  chemoprevention.

Unit   III

Acute radiation effects.

•  Concept of LD50.
• Central nervous system syndrome.
• Gastro-intestinal syndrome.
•  Bone.marrow syndrome.
• Skin reactions.

Unit  IV

Delayed effects of Radiation.

•  Stochastic and deterministic effects.
•  Radiologic aging,
•  Life shortening.
•  Radiation carcinogenesis.

Unit  V

Radiation safety and regulator aspects.

• Radiographic installations.
• Enclosed installations.
• Field installations.
• Personnel management.
• Source storage facilities.
• Safe work practice.
• Re-commendations of National/lnternational statutory bodies

 

ZOL 423B   Cell and Molecular Biology II

Unit  I

Molecular Immunology.

• Discovery of humoral and cellular immunity.
•  Innate (nonspecific) immunity.
•  Adaptive (specific) Immunity.

Cells and organs of immune system.

• Hematopoiesis.
• B-lymphocytes, T-lymphoctes, Null cells.
• Mononuclear cells
• Granulocytic cells
• Mast Cells.
• Dendritic cells.

Organs of immune system.

• Primary lyrnphoid organs
• Lymphatic system.
• Secondary lymphoid organs Antigens.
•  Immunogenicity versus autigenicity.
• Factors that influence immnogenicity
• Contribution of the immunogens (foreignness, molecular size, chemical composition and heterogeneity, susceptibility to antigen processing and presentation).
• Contribution of Biological system.
• (Genotype of the recipient animal, immunogen dosage and route of administration, adjuvants).
• Epitopes
• Haptans.

Unit  II

Immunoglobulins : structure and function.

• Molecular structure of Ig, Light chain and Heavy chain
•  Immunoglobulin domains.
• Immunoglobulin classes
• Immunoglobulin-mediated effector functions (Opsonization,activation of complement, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity).
• Antigenic determinants on immunoglobulin (isotype, allotype and idiotype).
• Monoclonal antibodies.

Generation of antibody diversity.

•  Multiple germ line V, D and J gene segments.
•  Combinatorial V-J and V-D-J joining.
•  Junctional flexibility.
•  P-addition and N-addition.
•  Association of heavy and light chain.

Class switching among constant region genes.

•  Expression of Ig genes.
•  Regulation of Ig gene transcription.
•  Antibody genes and antibody engineering.

Unit   III

Antigen-Antibody Interaction.

Major Histocompatibility complex.

• General organization and inheritance of MHC.
• MHC molecules and genes.
• Genomic maps of MHC genes.
• Cellular distribution of MHC molecules.
• Regulation of MHC expression.
• MHC and immune responsiveness.
• MHC and disease susceptibility.

Unit   IV

Antigen Processing and Presentation.

• Role of antigen presenting cell.
•  Evidence for two processing and presentation pathways.
  •  Endogenous antigens : The cytosolic pathways.
  •  Exogenous antigens : The endocytic pathway.
•  Presentation of nonpeptide bacterial antigens.

Cytokines.

• Properties of cytokines.
• General structure of cytokines.
• Functions of cytokines.
• Cytokine related diseases.

Immune system in Health and Disease.

•  Immune response to infectious disease.
  •  Viral infections.
  •  Bacterial infections.
  •  Protozoa and diseases.
  •  Diseases caused by helminthes.

Unit   V

Vaccine.

• Active and passive immunization.
•  Types of vaccines

AIDS and other immunodeficiencies.

Autoimmunity.

• Organ specific autoimmune disease.
• Systemic autoimmune diseases.

Proposed mechanisms for induction of autoimmunity.

 

423C    Environmental Toxicology II

Applied Toxicology

Unit   I

Air-Pollution

•  Epidemiologic Evidence of Health effects
•  Outdoor air pollution
•  Indoor air pollution
•  Pollutants of outdoor ambient air
•  Type of air pollution (SO2, particulate matter, photochemical air pollution, smog)
• Global warming
•  Ozone depletion

Water Pollution

•  Important water pollutants
•  Infectious agents
•  Human waste disposal
•  Waste water treatment

Unit   II

Food Toxicology

•  Nature and complexity of food
•  Safety standards for food, food ingredients and contaminants
•  (Food, drug & cosmetics Act, food and colour additives, GRAS (generally recognized as safe)
•  Tolerance setting for substances in food (Pesticide residues, drugs used in food producing animals, unavoidable contaminants (heavy metals, chlorinated organics, Nitrosamine, food-borne molds & mycotoxins)
•  Microbiologic Agents
•  Substances produced by cooking
•  BSEC (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)

Forensic / Analytic Toxicology

•  Analytical role in general toxicology
•  Analytical role in Forensic Toxicology
•  Toxicologic investigation of a poison death
•  Criminal poisoning of the living

Unit  III

Occupational Toxicology

•  Workplace, exposures, and standards (Nature of the work force, Determinants of dose occupational exposure limits)
•  Occupational diseases
•  Toxicological Evaluation of Occupational agents

Regulatory Toxicology

•  Programs for regulating chemical hazards (Food & Drug Administration, EPA, Occupational Safety and Health Administrations)
•  Regulatory Control over Toxicity
•  Animal Welfare Requirement

Wild Life Toxicology

Unit IV

Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds

• Persistent Compounds
• Developing the Microorganisms
• Degradation Mechanism
• Genetics & Evolution of Bio-degradation

Bioremediation

• Microorganisms in Bioremediation and their role in bioremediation
• Bioremediation Processes and Technologies
• Monitoring the efficacy of bioremediation
• Bioremediation of Marine Oil pollutants and air pollutants

Unit  V

Biofertilizers and Biopesticides

• Biofertilizers in Agrosystem
• Biopesticides
• Microbial and Antimicrobial pesticides
• IPM

Composting

• Types
• Materials
• Process
• Physicochemical Characteristics of the Environment
• Decomposting Stages
•  Methods
• Vermicomposting

Bioleaching

• Microorganisms Used
• Biochemistry
•  Extraction from Mixture
•  Types
• Methods
• Metal Precipitation

 

ZOL- 423D   Human Genetics- II

Unit I Genetic variation – History, Categories of mutations, chromosome and gene mutations, Extrachromosomal mutations, Mutator genes, Mobile genetic elements, Induced mutations, Physical and chemical mutagenes, Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations, DNA repair mechanisms, Reversion, Transposon mutagenesis, In vitro mutagenesis, Environmental mutagenesis

• Chromosome rearrangements and Cancer.
• Chromosomal aberration :
• Numerical : Aneuploidy, Polyploidy
• Structural : Translocation, Duplication, Inversion, Ring
• Chromosome and Deletion
• Others : Mosaic, Chimera [Individual with two cell lines]

Unit II Immunogenetics -

• Genetics of normal immune system. Inherited
• immunodeficiency, eg. X-linked
• agammaglobulinaemia. Major Histocompatibility Complex –
• Study of Twins (MHC), HLA disease associations.
• Tranplantation, graft –versus-host disease.
• Pharmacogenetic – Definition, gene loci influencing drug
• metabolism and pharmacogenetic interactions.

Unit III

• Extranuclear genetics-Role of organellar genome, maternal inheritance and maternal effect.
• Stem cell research and cloning
• Source and isolation of stem cells ,Use of stem cells in human welfare ,Making stem cell lines :Methodology ,Whole body cloning ,Organ Cloning

Unit IV

• Human Genome Project History, Organization and goals of Human Genome Project
• Human Genome Project : Friend and Foe ,Repetitive DNA in human genome –Alu and SINE repeats Human genome mapping- Physical, Genetic and Microsatellite mapping,

Unit V

• Genetic counseling
• Components of genetic counseling, Legal and ethical considerations
• risk assessment and counseling in common Mendelian and multifactor syndromes;
• Genetic testing: biochemical & molecular tests: in children,
• Presymptomatic testing for late onset diseases (predictive medicine); Prenatal and Preimplantation screening

 

 ZOL-424   Practicals

Genes & Differentiation

Study of development of Frog

•  Preserved Material available:

Egg, Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud, Hatching, Mature tadpole

larva, Metamorphic stages, Froglet

•  Histological slides: Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud stage

Study of development of Chick

• Whole mounts: 18, 21, 24, 33, 72 & 96 hrs of incubation period embryos
• Study of the embryo at various stages of incubation in vivo by making a window in the egg shell
• Exercise to demonstrate developmental stages of living embryo after removal of blastoderm from the egg
• Study of various Foetal envelopes in a 10-12 day old chick embryo(Amnion, Chorion, Allantois,Yolk sac)

Ethology

•  To study the food preference and feeding behaviour of Tribolium.
•  To study the light response of Tribolium.
• To study the process of learning in rats with the help of animal maze and analyze the result of the experiment.
• To study the communication in Earthworm by chemical stimuli i.e. extruding a substance called “Pheromone” that can transmit message.
• To study imprinting during critical period.
• Study of social organization of Rhesus (Macaca mulata) and Langurs (Presbytis entellus).
•  A visit to Zoo: To study the behaviour

Applied Zoology

A visit to:

•  Poultry farm
•  Dairy Industry/Distillery plant

 

ZOL-424   Practical

Cancer And Radiation Biology II

Radiotheraphy and Cancer Prevention

•  Histopathological , Histochemical & Biochemical studies of various tissues after external & internal radiation
• A visit to Radiology Deptt. SMS Medical College, Jaipur
•  Calculation of LD50/30 in mice after exposure to different  radition doses.
•  Histopathological studies of various organs after radiation treatment-liver,kidney,spleen,intestine and testis.
• Biochemical estimation of:
•  DNA
•  RNA
• Glucose
• LPO
•  GSH
• Study of various cell types by blood smear preparation
  

ZOL-424  Practicals

Cell and Molecular Biology II

Quantitation of antibodies-

• Precipitation Techniques
• Immunodiffussion method.

Preparation of biological tissues and sectioning for paraffin wax histology by microtomy

Histochemistry

•  Carbohydrate- PAS method
•  Proteins- Ninhydrin method
•  Nucleic acid- Feulgen method
•  Localization of acid & alkaline phosphatase &Ascorbic acid

Determination of optimum concentration of enzyme for kinetics studies

Estimation of acid & alkaline phosphatase by biochemical method

Immunoassays- ELISA

Permanent slides (for Spotting)- Blood cells, Thymus, Spleen, Liver

Practicals

Environmental Toxicology

Measuring Toxicity

• Study of Acute, Subchronic and Chronic toxicity on the Stored grain pests.
•  Histopathological study in Mammal / Insect (cockroach) after application of known toxicants
• Haematological studies
• Bio-chemical studies

Analysis of Toxicants by Chromatography

• Paper
•  TLC
•  GC

Ames Test for mutagenecity

Study of developmental toxicity by using chick embryos

• Spots

Viva

Human Genetics II

ZOL-424   Practical

• Isolation of Genomic DNA from Chicken blood or mouse tissues
• Hardy-Weinberg Genetic equilibrium: Study of gene & genotype; frequencies. (PTC Tasters & nontasters)
• Mendelian Traits : Straight hair, Curly hair, Widow’s peak, Dimpled Cheeks, Mid digital hair, Hitchhicker’s thumb, Claspiling of hands, and Hypertrichosis
• Phylogeny based on Amino acid sequences
• Correlation of amino acid sequence data with nucleotide sequence data (BLAST and FASTA)
• Separation and short term culture of lymphocytes
• Dermatoglyphics : Recording of print of fingertips and plam. Classify ridges on the Finger tips arch, loop, and whorl. Paim print – area demark as hypothenar, thenar & inter digitl aread. Record presence or absence of Simian crease.