PULEET 2024 - Panjab University Lateral Engineering Entrance Test : Application Form, Exam Date, Eligibility, Syllabus and Exam Pattern

• Civil Engineering
• Electronics and Communication Engineering
• Computer Science & Engineering
• Information Technology
• Mechanical Engineering

I. General Engineering

(a) Basic Electrical Engineering

• DC circuits: Voltage and current sources, Kirchhoff’s laws and network solution, network analysis by mesh and node analysis, superposition theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, delta star transformation and vice-versa, maximum- power transfer theorem, energy storage elements, the step response of RL, RC and RLC circuits.

• Single Phase AC Fundamentals: Alternating current systems, waveform terms, and definitions, average, and r.m.s. values of alternating, quantities, phasor notation, solution, and phasor diagram of single-phase ac circuits with sinusoidal source excitation.

• Three Phase AC Fundamentals: Disadvantages of single-phase system, three-phase voltages, and currents, voltages, and currents in star and delta connected systems, power in a three-phase system, the solution of three-phase balanced circuits, power and power factor measurement by two watt-meter method.

• Magnetic Circuit: Introduction to magnetic circuit, magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength, the permeability of free space, relative permeability, reluctance, comparison of electric and magnetic circuits, B/H curve, magnetic circuits calculations, self, and mutual inductance.

• Transformers: Introduction, Basic Principle, EMF equation, approximate equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, losses, efficiency and condition for maximum efficiency, voltage regulation, open circuit, and short circuit tests.

• Operating principle of the single-phase induction motor (split Phase and capacitor motors), torque-speed characteristics (qualitative treatment). A principle of operation and applications of variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid stepper motors, speed-torque characteristics (qualitative approach)

• Electric Machines: Operating principle and application of DC machine as generator and motor, EMF and Torque equations, methods of excitation. Operating principle and applications of 3 phase squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors, equivalent circuit, and torque-speed characteristics (qualitative treatment). 

(b) Basic Electronics

• Semiconductor Diode: PN-Junction, Junction Theory, V-I characteristics of a PN-Junction Diode, Ideal Diode, Use of Diode in Rectifiers: Half Wave Rectifiers, Full Wave Rectifiers, Zener Diode, Varactor Diode, Light Emitting Diodes.

• Bipolar Junction Transistor: Introduction, Junction Transistor Structure, Operation, Transistor amplifying action, CB, CC and CE Configuration, characteristics, application of transistor as an amplifier.

• Field Effect Transistor: Introduction, Types of FETs, JFETs, MOSFETs, CMOS, characteristics, working, applications.

• Operational Amplifiers: Block Diagram, Characteristics of an ideal OP-AMP, Application of OP-AMP as an Inverting amplifier, Phase Shifter, Scale Changer, Non-inverting amplifier, Adder or Summing amplifier, differential or difference amplifier, integrator.

• Oscillators: Block Diagram of the feedback circuit used as an oscillator, Barkhausen criterion, types of oscillators.

• Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates: Binary and Hexadecimal number system, BCD and weighted codes, Binary arithmetic, Logic positive and negative logic, basic and universal logic gates. Boolean algebra and postulates, reduction of a Boolean expression.

• Flip Flops: Concept of flip-flops, RS, D, JK, and T types, triggered and clocked, master-slave, Shift Register, a concept of synchronous and asynchronous counters. Half and full adder, subtractor, Seven Segment display, Concept of Mux, deMux, decoder, and encoder.

• Test and Measuring Instruments: Block diagram, a concept of digital electronic voltmeters, ammeter and wattmeter, CRO, Signal Generators, Sensors, and Transducers and their classification. 

• Communication: Basic Concepts, Modulation, Need for modulation, introduction to AM, FM, PM.

• The working principle of resistive, capacitive, photosensitive, and temperature transducers. Block diagram and working principle of analog and digital data acquisition system.

(c) Programming Fundamentals

• Introduction: Computer Basic, Block Diagram of Computer, Memory Hierarchy, Types of RAM, Secondary Memory Introduction to Operating Systems, Programming Languages, Program Structure, Linux Shell Commands, Bourne Shell, C Shell, Korn Shell.

• Basic Constructs of C: Keywords, Identifiers, Variables, Symbolic Constants, Data Types and their storage, Operands, Arithmetic Operators, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Bitwise Operators, Increment & Decrement Operators, Expressions, Conditional Expressions, Assignment Operators and Expressions, Type Conversions, Precedence and Order of Evaluation, External Variables and Scope of Variables. Basic Input Output, Formatted I/O.

• Program Control Flow - Statements and Blocks, Conditional Statements, IF, ELSE-IF, Switch-Case statements, Control Loops, For, While and Do-While, Go to and Labels.

• Arrays & Functions: Pointers and Addresses, Arrays, Multi-dimensional arrays, strings, pointer arrays, Functions, Function Prototyping, Scope of functions, Arguments, Call by value and call by references, static variables, recursion, C-Pre-processor and Macros, Command line arguments.

• Structures: Structures, Array of Structures, the pointer to structures, Typedef, Unions, Bit fields, passing structures as an argument to functions.

• Input and Output: Standard & Formatted Input and Output, File Access & its types, Line Input and Output, Types of Files, Binary & ASCII Files, Error handling, stderr and Exit functions

• Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming: Classes and Objects, Structures vs Classes, Abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Inheritance.

(d) Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering

• Laws of Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, Steady flow energy equation and its applications (nozzle, throttling device, turbine, compressor, heat exchanger). Limitations of the first law, statements of second law by Max-Planck and Clausis, equivalence between the two statements. Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot’s theorem. Energy analysis of a heat engine, refrigerator, and heat pump.

• Steam and Its Formation: P-V, P-T, T-S, H-S diagrams of water. Dryness fraction and its measurement by the calorimeter. Uses of steam tables and Mollier chart (H-S chart)

• Power Cycles: Carnot and Rankine steam power cycles. Effect of the mean temperature of heat addition on Ranking cycle efficiency. Otto, Diesel and Dual combustion cycles for reciprocating I.C. engines.

• Kinematics Of Fluid Flow: Types of flow, acceleration in fluid flow, streamlines, stream tubes, irrotational flow, stream function, velocity potential, flow nets.

• Fluid Dynamics: Equation of continuity, Euler’s Equation, Bernoulli’s equation, simple applications to one-dimensional flow problems.

• Flow Measurement: Pilot tube, Venturimeter, Orificemeter, Notches (Rectangular & Triangular) and weirs, Rotameter.

• Simple Stress and Strains: Concept of stress and strain. Stress and strains in bars subjected to tension and compression, stress train diagrams, mechanical properties, the factor of safety, Extension of Uniform bar under its own weight, the stress produced in compound bars (two or three) due to axial loads.

• Bending moment (B.M.) and Shear force (S.F.): Diagrams for cantilevers, simply supported beams with or without overhang and calculation of maximum B.M. and S.F. and the point of contra flexure under the following loads. 

• Concentrated loads, Uniformly distributed loads over a whole span or part of a span, a combination of concentrated loads (two or three), and uniformly distributed loads.

• Bending and Torsion: Stress in beams due to bending, proof of formulae M/I = f/y = E/R and its application to beams of the rectangular and circular section. Application of torsion equation to a hollow and solid circular shaft.

II. Physics

(a) Mechanics

• Linear kinematics and its equations of motion, projectile motion, circular motion.
• Newton’s laws of motion, the principle of conservation of momentum applications to linear and planar motion, the concept of friction and its laws, motion on smooth and rough inclined planes, simple and complex Atwood’s machines.
• The concept of work, energy, and power, work-energy principle, the principle of conservation of energy.
• Rotational motion, equations of rotational kinematics, a moment of inertia and radius of gyration of a rotating body; torque and angular momentum; work, power, and energy in rotational motion, conservation of angular momentum.
• Simple harmonic motion and its characteristics, energetics of simple harmonic motion, an idea of damped and forced oscillations, resonance, and its applications.
• Wave motion and its characteristics, theory of sound propagation, the velocity of sound and factors influencing the velocity of sound, Doppler effect in sound, superposition of sound in space (stationary waves) and time (beats), vibrations of air columns and stretched strings.

(b) Optics

• Geometrical optics, reflection, and refraction of light, reflections by spherical mirrors, refraction through lenses, spherical and chromatic aberrations, dispersion and deviation of light through the prism, optical microscopes, and telescopes.
• Wave nature of light; interference, Young’s double-slit experiment, Lloyd’s mirror and Fresnel's bi-prism techniques for producing interference pattern, interference through the thin film, the coloring of thin films; diffraction of light through a single slit, Rayleigh’s criteria of the resolution, resolving power of optical instruments; the concept of polarization, methods of producing polarized light, analysis of polarized light, Doppler effect in the light.
• Laser, its principle, characteristics, and applications.

(c) Heat

• Thermometry, the idea of specific heat and heat capacity, latent heats of fusion and vaporization, the variation of specific heats of solids, liquids, and gases with temperature, the concept of degree of freedom, the law of equipartition of energy.
• Modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation); linear, surface, and volume expansion of matter on heating.

(d) Electrodynamics

• Electric field and electric potential, electric dipole and its field, Gauss’ law and its applications; the concept of capacitance, the energy stored in a capacitor, effect of introducing dielectric and conducting slabs between plates of a capacitor, dielectric constant of the material.
• Current electricity, Kirchoff’s laws, and applications, thermal and chemical effects of current, slide wire bridge, potentiometer, ammeter, and voltmeter.
• Magnetic effects of current, Biot-Savert law and its applications, Lorentz force, moving coil galvanometers; laws of electromagnetic induction, eddy currents and its applications, self and mutual inductance.

(e) Modern Physics

• Black body radiation distribution, photoelectric effect, the idea of x-ray production, wave-matter duality and de-Broglie waves, position-momentum uncertainty principle.
• Crystalline and amorphous solids, a basic idea of crystal structures (simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic) and their characteristics, close packing morphologies, Schottky and Frenkel defects in crystals.
• Rutherford scattering experiment, Bohr’s model, and hydrogen spectrum.
• Nucleus and its properties (mass, size, binding energy, magnetic and quadrupole moments), nuclear forces and its properties, the phenomenon of radioactivity and its laws, modes of radioactive decays (α, β, and γ), nuclear fission and fusion.

III Mathematics

(a) Algebra

• Quadratic Equations, equations reducible to quadratic form, the relation between roots and coefficients, Arithmetic Progression.
• Geometric Progression, Arithmetic-Geometric Progression, Harmonic Progression, Series of Natural Numbers.

(b) Matrices

• The concept of linear independence and dependence, Rank of a matrix: Row – Echelon form, System of linear equations: Condition for consistency of the system of linear equations, Inverse of a matrix.

(c) Trigonometry

• Trigonometric ratios and their relations, ratios of some standard angles, the solution of trigonometric equations, sum and difference formulae, product formulae, multiple and sub-multiple angles, the solution of triangles.

(d) Coordinate Geometry

• Cartesian coordinates, equations of a straight line in various forms, the intersection of two straight lines, the angle between two lines, distance formula.
• The equation of the circle in various forms, tangent and normal to circle.

(e) Differential Calculus of Functions of one variable

• Successive Differentiation, Leibnitz Theorem, Expansions of functions: Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s Series, Formulae for remainder term in Taylor and Maclaurin series, Angle of Contingency, Curvature, Radius of curvature, Centre of curvature for curves in Cartesian form. The curvature at the origin: Newton’s formulas.

(f) Differential Calculus of Functions of two variables

• The concept of limit and continuity of a function of two variables, Partial derivatives, total differential, differentiation of an implicit function, chain rule, change of variables, Jacobian, Taylor’s, and Maclaurin’s series. Maxima and minima of a function of two variables: Lagrange’s method of multipliers.

(g) Ordinary Differential Equations

• Review of the geometrical meaning of the differential equation y'= f (x, y), directional fields, Exact differential equations, Integrating factors.

(h) Integral Calculus

• Reduction formula for ∫sin x dx, ∫ cos x dx, n n ∫sin x cos x dx, m n ∫ x (log x) dx, ∫ x e dx, ∫ x sin my dx, ∫ x cos my dx, m n n ax n n Areas of curves, Length of curves, Volume and surface areas of revolution, Double integrals, change of order of integration, Areas enclosed by plane curves.

(i) Vector Differential Calculus

• Vectors and scalar functions and fields, derivatives. Curves, tangents, arc lengths, Curvature and torsion of a curve, Gradient of a Scalar field, Directional Derivative, Divergence of a vector field, Curl of a vector field.

(j) Vector Integral Calculus

• Line integrals, Line integrals independent of path, Green’s theorem in the plane, Surface Integrals, Triple integrals, Gauss Divergence Theorem, Stoke’s Theorem.

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