Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences - RGUHS Courses

B.Sc. (Medical Laboratory Technology)

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Duration: 3 Years

Eligibility: 10+2

Eligibility Conditions:

Two year Pre-University examination or equivalent as recognized by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences with, Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal subjects of study.     OR

Pre-Degree course from a recognized University considered as equivalent by RGUHS, (Two years after ten years of schooling) with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal subjects of study.     OR

Any equivalent examination recognized by the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore for the above purpose with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal subjects of study.     OR

The vocational higher secondary education course conducted by Vocational Higher Secondary Education, Government of Kerala with five subjects including Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English in addition to vocational subjects conducted is considered equivalent to plus TWO examinations of Government of Karnataka Pre University Course.     OR

Candidates with two years diploma from a recognized Government Board in a subject for which the  candidate desires to enroll, in the respective Allied Health Sciences course mentioned shall have passed plus 12 [10+2] with Physics, Chemistry and Biology, as principle subjects or candidates with 3 years diploma from a recognized Government Board in a subject for which the candidate desires to enroll, in the respective Allied Health Sciences course mentioned in should have studied Physics, Biology and Chemistry  as principal subjects during the tenure of the course. 6. Lateral entry to second year for allied health science courses for candidates who have passed diploma program from the Government Boards and recognized by RGUHS, fulfilling the conditions and these students are eligible to take admission on lateral entry system only in the same subject studied at diploma level from the academic year 2008-09 vide RGUHS Notification no. AUTH/AHS/317/2008-09 dated 01.08.2008.

In case of admission to B.Sc. Imaging Technology Or B.Sc.Radiotherapy Technology the candidate should have passed Pre-University or equivalent examination with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics, as principal subjects of study.

Note:

• The candidate shall have passed individually in each of the principal subjects.
• Candidates who have completed diploma or vocational course through Correspondence shall not be eligible for any of the courses mentioned above.

 

Duration Of The Course:

Duration shall be for a period of three and half years including six months of Internship.

 

Course Structure

First Year

• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Biochemistry
• Pathology
• Microbiology
• Subsidiary Subjects
  • Sociology
  • English
  • Bio Statistics
  • Health Care
  • Indian Constitution
  • Basics in Computer Applications

Second Year

• Biochemistry II
• Microbiology II
• Pathology II

Third Year

• Biochemistry III
• Microbiology III
• Pathology III

 

Course Syllabus

First Year

Anatomy

No. of theory classes: 70 hours

No. of practical classes: 20 hours

• Introduction: Human Body as a Whole
  • Definition of anatomy and its divisions
  • Terms of location, positions and planes
  • Cell and its organelles
  • Epithelium-definition, classification, describe with examples, function
  • Glands- classification, describe serous & mucous glands with examples
  • Basic tissues – classification with examples
  • Practical: 
    • Histology of types of epithelium
    • Histology of serous, mucous & mixed salivary gland
• Locomotion and support
  • Cartilage – types with example & histology
  • Bone – Classification, names of bone cells, parts of long bone, microscopy of compact
  • bone, names of all bones, vertebral column, intervertebral disc, fontanelles of fetal skull
  • Joints – Classification of joints with examples, synovial joint (in detail for radiology)
  • Muscular system: Classification of muscular tissue & histology
  • Names of muscles of the body
  • Practical:
    • Histology of the 3 types of cartilage
    • Demo of all bones showing parts, radiographs of normal bones & joints
    • Histology of compact bone (TS & LS)
    • Demonstration of all muscles of the body
    • Histology of skeletal (TS & LS), smooth & cardiac muscle
• Cardiovascular system
  • Heart-size, location, chambers, exterior & interior
  • Blood supply of heart
  • Systemic & pulmonary circulation
  • Branches of aorta, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery,
  • brachial artery, superficial palmar arch, femoral artery, internal iliac artery
  • Peripheral pulse
  • Inferior venacava, portal vein, portosystemic anastomosis
  • Great saphenous vein
  • Dural venous sinuses
  • Lymphatic system- cisterna chyli & thoracic duct
  • Histology of lymphatic tissues
  • Names of regional lymphatics, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes in brief
  • Practical:
    • Demonstration of heart and vessels in the body
    • Histology of large artery, medium sized artery & vein, large vein
    • Microscopic appearance of large artery, medium sized artery & vein, large vein
    • pericardium
    • Histology of lymph node, spleen, tonsil & thymus
    • Normal chest radiograph showing heart shadows
    • Normal angiograms
• Gastro-intestinal system
• Parts of GIT, Oral cavity (lip, tongue (with histology), tonsil, dentition, pharynx, salivary glands, Waldeyer’s ring)
• Oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
• Radiographs of abdomen
• Respiratory system
  • Parts of RS, nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchopulmonary segments
  • Histology of trachea, lung and pleura
  • Names of paranasal air sinuses
  • Practical : 
    • Demonstration of parts of respiratory system.
    • Normal radiographs of chest
    • Histology of lung and trachea
• Peritoneum
  • Theory: Description in brief
  • Practical:
    
    • Demonstration of reflections
• Urinary system
  • Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, male and female urethra
  • Histology of kidney, ureter and urinary bladder
  • Practical: 
    • Demonstration of parts of urinary system
    • Histology of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder
    • Radiographs of abdomen-IVP, retrograde cystogram
• Reproductive system
  • Parts of male reproductive system, testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate (gross & histology)
  • Parts of female reproductive system, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary (gross & histology)
  • Mammary gland – gross
  • Practical:
    • Demonstration of section of male and female pelvis with organs in situ
    • Histology of testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary
    • Radiographs of pelvis – hysterosalpingogram
• Endocrine glands
  • Names of all endocrine glands in detail on pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, suprarenal glad – (gross & histology)
  • Practical: 
    • Demonstration of the glands
    • Histology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal glands
• Nervous system
  • Neuron
  • Classification of NS
  • Cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord with spinal nerve (gross & histology)
  • Meninges, Ventricles & cerebrospinal fluid
  • Names of basal nuclei
  • Blood supply of brain
  • Cranial nerves
  • Sympathetic trunk & names of parasympathetic ganglia
  • Practical: 
    • Histology of peripheral nerve & optic nerve
    • Demonstration of all plexuses and nerves in the body
    • Demonstration of all part of brain
    • Histology of cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord
• Sensory organs:
  • Skin: Skin-histology
  • Appendages of skin
  • Eye: Parts of eye & lacrimal apparatus
  • Extra-ocular muscles & nerve supply
  • Ear: parts of ear- external, middle and inner ear and contents
  • Practical:
    • Histology of thin and thick skin
    • Demonstration and histology of eyeball
    • Histology of cornea & retina
• Embryology:
  • Spermatogenesis & oogenesis
  • Ovulation, fertilization
  • Fetal circulation
  • Placenta
  • Internal Assessment
  • Theory - Average of two exams conducted. 20
  • Practicals: Record & Lab work* 10

Note : * There shall be no University Practical Examination and internal assessment marks secured in Practicals need not be sent to the University.

 

Physiology

Theory 70 hours

Practical 20hours

• Introduction – Composition and Function of Blood
  • Red blood cells – Erythropoiesis, stages of differentiation function, count physiological Variation.
  • Haemoglobin –structure, function, concentration physiological variation
  • Methods of Estimation of Hb
  • White blood cells – Production, function, life span, count, differential count
  • Platelets – Origin, normal count, morphology functions.
  • Plasma Proteins – Production, concentration, types, albumin, globulin, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin functions.
  • Haemostasis & Blood coagulation
  • Haemostasis – Definition, normal haemostasis, clotting factors, mechanism of clotting, disorders of clotting factors.
  • Blood Bank
  • Blood groups – ABO system, Rh system
  • Blood grouping & typing
  • Crossmatching
  • Rh system – Rh factor, Rh incompatibility.
  • Blood transfusion – Indication, universal donor and recipient concept.
  • Selection criteria of a blood donor. transfusion reactions
  • Anticoagulants – Classification, examples and uses
  • Anaemias : Classification – morphological and etiological. Effects of anemia on body
  • Blood indices – Colour index, MCH, MCV, MCHC
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Paced cell volume
  • Normal values, Definition. Determination,
  • Blood Volume -Normal value, determination of blood volume and regulation of blood volume Body fluid – pH, normal value, regulation and variation
  • Lymph – lymphoid tissue formation, circulation, composition and function of lymph
• Cardiovascular system
  • Heart – Physiological Anatomy, Nerve supply
  • Properties of Cardiac muscle, Cardiac cycle-systole, diastole. Intraventricular pressure curves.
  • Cardiac Output – only definition
  • Heart sounds Normal heart sounds Areas of auscultation.
  • Blood Pressure – Definition, normal value, clinical measurement of blood pressure.
  • Physiological variations, regulation of heart rate, cardiac shock, hypotension, hypertension.
  • Pulse – Jugular, radial pulse, Triple response
  • Heart sounds – Normal heart sounds, cause characteristics and signification. Heart rate
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) –significance.
• Digestive System
  
  • Physiological anatomy of Gastro intestinal tract, Functions of digestive system
  • Salivary glands - Structure and functions. Deglutination –stages and regulation
  • Stomach – structure and functions
  • Gastric secretion – Composition function regulation of gastric juice secretion
  • Pancreas – structure, function, composition, regulation of pancreatic juice
  • Liver – functions of liver
  • Bile secretion, composition, function, regulation of bile secretion. Bilirubin metabolism types of bilirubin, Vandernberg reaction, Jaundice- types, significance.
  • Gall bladder – functions
  • Intestine – small intestine and large intestine
  • Small intestine –Functions- Digestion, absorption, movements.
  • Large intestine – Functions, Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Lipids.
  • Defecation
• Respiratory system
  
  • Functions of Respiratory system, Physiological Anatomy of Respiratory system, Respiratory tract, Respiratory Muscles, Respiratory organ-lungs, Alveoli, Respiratory membrane, stages of respiration.
  • Mechanism of normal and rigorous respiration. Forces opposing and favouring expansion of the lungs. Intra pulmonary pleural pressure, surface tension, recoil tendency of the wall. H
  • Transportation of Respiratory gases:
  • Transportation of Oxygen: Direction, pressure gradient, Forms of transportation, Oxygenation of Hb. Quantity of Oxygen transported.
  • Lung volumes and capacities
  • Regulation of respiration what? Why? How? Mechanisms of Regulation, nervous and chemical regulation. Respiratory centre. Hearing Brier, Reflexes. Applied Physiology and Respiration : Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Asphyxia, Dyspnea, Dysbarism, Artificial Respiration, Apnoea.
• Endocrine System 
  • Definition, Classification of Endocrine glands & their Hormones Properties of Hormones. Thyroid gland hormone – Physiological, Anatomy, Hormone secreted, Physiological function, regulation of secretion. Disorders – hypo and hyper secretion of hormone
  • Adrenal gland, Adrenal cortex physiologic anatomy of adrenal gland, Adrenal cortex, cortical hormones – functions and regulation
  • Adrenal medulla – Hormones, regulation and secretion. Functions of Adrenaline and nor adrenaline
  • Pituitary hormones – Anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, secretion, function Pancreas – Hormones of pancreas
  • Insulin – secretion, regulation, function and action
  • Diabetes mellitus – Regulation of blood glucose level
  • Parathyroid gland – function, action, regulation of secretion of parathyroid hormone.
  • Calcitonin – function and action
• Special senses
  • Vision – structure of eye. Function of different parts.
  • Structure of retina
  • Hearing structure and function of can mechanism of hearing
  • Taste – Taste buds functions. Smell physiology, Receptors.
• Nervous system
  • Functions of Nervous system, Neuron structure, classification and properties. Neuroglia, nerve fiber, classification, conduction of impulses continuous and saltatory. Velocity of impulse transmission and factors affecting. Synapse – structure, types, properties.
  • Receptors – Definition, classification, properties. Reflex action – unconditioned properties of reflex action. Babinski’s sign. Spinal cord nerve tracts. Ascending tracts, Descending tracts –
• Pyramidal tracts 
  • Extrapyramidal tracts. Functions of Medulla, pons, Hypothalamic disorders. Cerebral cortex lobes and functions, Sensory cortex, Motor cortex,Cerebellum functions of Cerebellum. Basal ganglion-functions. EEG.
  • Cerebro Spinal Fluid(CSF) : formation, circulation, properties, composition and functions lumbar puncture.
• Autonomic Nervous System:
  
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic distribution and functions and comparison of functions.
  • Excretory System
  • Excretory organs
• Kidneys: 
  • Functions of kidneys structural and functional unit nephron, vasarecta, cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons – Comparision, Juxta Glomerular Apparatus –Structure and function. Renal circulation peculiarities.
  • Mechanism of Urine formation: Ultrafiltration criteria for filtration GFR, Plasma fraction, EFP, factors effecting EFR. Determination of GFR selective reabsorption – sites of reabsorption, substance reabsorbed, mechanisms of reabsorption Glucose, urea.
  • H + Cl aminoacids etc. TMG, Tubular lead, Renal threshold % of reabsorption of different substances, selective e secretion.
  • Properties and composition of normal urine, urine output. Abnormal constituents in urine, Mechanism of urine concentration.
  • Counter – Current Mechanisms : Micturition, Innervation of Bladder, Cystourethrogram.
  • Diuretics : Water, Diuretics, osmotic diuretics, Artificial kidney Renal function tests – plasma clearance Actions of ADH, Aldosterone and PTH on kidneys. Renal function tests
• Reproductive system
  • Function of Reproductive system, Puberty
  • Male reproductive system- Functions of testes, spermatogenesis site, stages, factors influencing semen. Endocrine functions of testes
  • Androgens – Testosterone structure and functions.
  • Female reproductive system. Ovulation, menstrual cycle. Physiological changes during pregnancy, pregnancy test.
  • Lactation : Composition of milk factors controlling lactation.
    
• Muscle nerve physiology
  • Classification of muscle, structure of skeletal muscle, Sarcomere contractile proteins,
  • Neuromuscular junction. Transmission across, Neuromuscular junction. Excitation contraction coupling. Mechanism of muscle contraction muscle tone, fatigue Rigour mortis
• Skin 
  • Structure and function
  • Body temperature measurement, Physiological variation, Regulation of body
  • Temperature by physical chemical and nervous mechanisms .Role of Hypothalamus,
  • Hypothermia and fever.
• Practicals
  • Haemoglobinometry
  • White Blood Cell count
  • Red Blood Cell count
  • Determination of Blood Groups
  • Leishman’s staining and Differential WBC count
  • Determination of packed cell Volume
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]
  • Calculation of Blood indices
  • Determination of Clotting Time, Bleeding Time
  • Blood pressure Recording
  • Auscultation for Heart Sounds
  • Artificial Respiration
  • Determination of vital capacity
  • Internal Assessment
  • Theory - Average of two exams conducted. 20
  • Practicals: Record & Lab work* 10

Note :* There shall be no University Practical Examination and internal assessment marks secured in Practicals need not be sent to the University.

 

Biochemistry

No. Theory classes: 70hours

No. of practical classes: 20 hours

Theory:

Specimen collection: Pre-analytical variables, Collection of blood, Collection of CSF & other fluids Urine collection, Use of preservatives, Anticoagulants

• Introduction to Laboratory apparatus
  • Pipettes- different types (Graduated, volumetric, Pasteur, Automatic etc.,)
  • Calibration of glass pipettes
  • Burettes, Beakers, Petri dishes, depression plates.
  • Flasks - different types )Volumetric, round bottomed, Erlemeyer conical etc.,)
  • Funnels – different types (Conical, Buchner etc.,)
  • Bottles – Reagent bottles – graduated and common, Wash bottles – different type Specimen bottles etc.,
• Measuring cylinders, Porcelain dish
  • Tubes – Test tubes, centrifuge tubes, test tube draining rack
  • Tripod stand, Wire gauze, Bunsen burner.
  • Cuvettes, significance of cuvettes in colorimeter, cuvettes for visible and UV range, cuvette holders Racks – Bottle, Test tube, Pipette
  • Dessicator, Stop watch, rimers, scissors
  • Dispensers – reagent and sample
  • Any other apparatus which is important and may have been missed should also be covered
  • Maintenance of lab glass ware and apparatus:
  • Glass and plastic ware in Laboratory
  • *use of glass: significance of boro silicate glass; care and cleaning of glass ware, different cleaning solutions of glass
  • * care and cleaning of plastic ware, different cleaning solution
• Instruments (Theory and demonstration) Diagrams to be drawn
  • Water bath: Use, care and maintenance
  • Oven & Incubators : Use, care and maintenance.
  • Water Distillation plant and water deionisers. Use, care and maintenance
  • Refrigerators, cold box, deep freezers – Use, care and maintenance
  • Reflux condenser : Use, care and maintenance
  • Centrifuges (Theory and demonstration) Diagrams to be drawn
  • Definition, Principle, svedberg unit, centrifugal force, centrifugal field rpm, ref. Conversion of G to rpm and vice versa.
  • Different types of centrifuges
  • Use care and maintenance of a centrifuge
  • Laboratory balances (Theory & Practicals) Diagrams to be drawn
  • Manual balances: Single pan, double pan, trip balance
  • Direct read out electrical balances.
  • Use care and maintenance. Guideline to be followed and precautions to be taken while weighing
  • Weighing different types of chemicals, liquids. Hygroscopic compounds etc.
  • Colorimeter and spectrophotometer (Theory and Practicals) Diagrams to be drawn Principle, Parts Diagram.
  • Use, care and maintenance.
  • pH meter (Theory & practicals) Diagrams to be drawn
  • principle, parts, Types of electrodes, salt bridge solution.
  • Use, care and maintenance of Ph meter and electrodes
  • Guidelines to be followed and precautions to be taken while using pH meter
• Safety of measurements
• Conventional and SI units
• Atomic structure
  • Dalton’s theory, Properties of electrons, protons, neutrons, and nucleus, Rutherford’s model of atomic structure, Bohr’s model of atomic structure, orbit and orbital, Quantum numbers, Heisenberg’s uncertainly principle.
  • Electronic configuration – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, etc. Valency and bonds – different types of strong and weak bonds in detail with examples
  • Theory & Practicals for all the following under this section
    • Molecular weight, equivalent weight of elements and compounds, normality, molarity Preparation of molar solutions (mole/litre solution) eg: 1 M Nacl, 0.15 M NaCL 1 M NaOH, 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M H 2S04 etc.,
    • Preparation of normal solutions. eg., IN Na2CO3, O IN Oxalic acid, 0.1 N HCl, 0.1N H2504, 0.66 N H2S04 etc.,
    • Percent solutions. Preparation of different solutions – v/v w/v (solids, liquids and acids)
    • Conversion of a percent solution into a molar solution
• Dilutions
  • Diluting solutions: eg. Preparation of 0.1 N NaCl from 1 N NaCl from 2 NaCl etc., Preparing working standard from stock standard, Body fluid dilutions, Reagent dilution techniques, calculating the dilution of a solution, body fluid reagent etc., Saturated and supersaturated solutions. Standard solutions. Technique for preparation of standard solutions eg: Glucose, urea, etc., Significance of volumetric flask in preparing standard solutions. Volumetric flasks of different sizes, Preparation of standard solutions of deliquescent compounds (CaCl2, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide etc.,) Preparation of standards using conventional and SI units Acids, bases, salts and indicators.
• Acids and Bases:
  
  • Definition, physical and chemical properties with examples. Arrehenius concept of acids and bases, Lowery – Bronsted theory of acids and bases classification of acids and bases. Different between bases and alkali, acidity and basicity,  monoprotonic and polyprotonic acids and bases. Concepts of acid base reaction, hydrogen ion concentration, Ionisation of water, buffer, Ph value of a solution, preparation of buffer solutions using Ph meter.
  • Salts: Definition, classification, water of crystallization – definition and different types, deliquescent and hygroscopic salts
• Acid- base indicators: (Theory and Practicals)
  • Definition, concept, mechanism of dissociation of an indicator, colour change of an indicator in acidic and basic conditions, use if standard buffer solution and indicators for pH determinations, preparation and its application, list of commonly used indicators and their pH range, suitable pH indicators used in different titrations, universal indicators
  • Practicals
    
    • Titration of a simple acid and a base (Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid and using this solution finding out the normality of a sodium hydroxide solution. Acid to be titrated using this base) Calculation of normality of an acid or a base after titration, measurement of hydrogen ion concentration
• Quality control:
  
  • Accuracy
  • Precision
  • Specificity
  • Sensitivity
  • Limits of error allowable in laboratory
  • Percentage error
  • Normal values and Interpretations
• Special Investigations:
  
  • Serum Electrophoresis
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Drugs: Digitoxin, Theophyllines
  • Regulation of Acid Base status:
  • Henderson Hasselback Equations
  • Buffers of the fluid
  • pH Regulation
  • Disturbance in acid Base Balance
  • Anion Gap
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Respiratory alkalosis
  • Basic Principles and estimation of Blood Gases and pH
  • Basic principles and estimation of Electrolytes
  • Water Balance
  • Sodium regulation
  • Bicarbonate buffers
  • Nutrition, Nutritional support with special emphasis on parental nutrition.
  • Calorific Value
  • Nitrogen Balance
  • Respiratory Quotient
  • Basal metabolic rate
  • Dietary Fibers
  • Nutritional importance of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Practicals
    • Analysis of Normal Urine
    • Composition of urine
    • Procedure for routine screening
    • Urinary screening for inborn errors of metabolism
    • Common renal disease
    • Urinary calculus
    • Urine examination for detection of abnormal constituents
    • Interpretation and Diagnosis through charts
    • Liver Function tests
    • Lipid Profile
    • Renal Function test
    • Cardiac markers
    • Blood gas and Electrolytes
    • Estimation of Blood sugar, Blood Urea and electrolytes
    • Demonstration of Strips
    • Demonstration of Glucometer

Pathology

Histo Pathology ,Clinical Pathology, Haematology and Blood Banking

Theory – 70 hours

Practical – 20 hours

• HistoPathology - Theory
  • Introduction to Histo Pathology
  • Receiving of Specimen in the laboratory
  • Grossing Techniques
  • Mounting Techniques – various Mountants
  • Maintenance of records and filing of the slides.
  • Use & care of Microscope
  • Various Fixatives, Mode of action, Preparation and Indication.
  • Bio-Medical waste management
  • Section Cutting
  • Tissue processing for routine paraffin sections
  • Decalcification of Tissues.
  • Staining of tissues - H& E Staining
  • Bio-Medical waste management
• Clinical Pathology – Theory
  • Introduction to Clinical Pathology
  • Collection, Transport, Preservation, and Processing of various clinical specimens
  • Urine Examination – Collection and Preservation of urine. Physical, chemical, Microscopic Examination
  • Examination of body fluids.
  • Examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Sputum Examination.
  • Examination of feces
• Haematology – Theory
  • Introduction to Haematology
  • Normal constituents of Blood, their structure and function.
  • Collection of Blood samples
  • Various Anticoagulants used in Haematology
  • Various instruments and glassware used in Haematology, Preparation and use of glassware
  • Laboratory safety guidelines
  • SI units and conventional units in Hospital Laboratory
  • Hb, PCV
  • ESR
  • Normal Haemostasis Bleeding Time, Clotting Time, Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time.
• Blood Bank
  • Introduction
  • Blood grouping and Rh Types
  • Cross matching
  • Practicals
    • Urine Examination.
    • Physical
    • Chemical
    • Microscopic
    • Blood Grouping, Rh typing.
    • Hb Estimation,Packed Cell Volume[PCV], Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate{ESR]
    • Bleeding Time, Clotting Time.
    • Histopathlogy – Section cutting and H &E Staining.[For BSc MLT only ]

 

Microbiology

Objective : - This course introduces the principles of Microbiology with emphasis on applied aspects of Microbiology of infectious diseases particularly in the following areas Principles & practice of sterilization methods. Collection and dispatch of specimens for routine microbiological investigations. Interpretation of commonly done bacteriological and serological investigations. Control of Hospital infections Biomedical waste management Immunization schedule.

Theory - 70 hours

• Morphology 4 hours
  • Classification of microorganisms, size, shape and structure of bacteria. Use of microscope in the study of bacteria.
    
• Growth and nutrition 4 hours
  • Nutrition, growth and multiplications of bacteria, use of culture media in diagnostic bacteriology.
    
• Sterilisation and Disinfection 4 hours
  • Principles and use of equipments of sterilization namely Hot Air oven, Autoclave and serum inspissator. Pasteurization, Antiseptic and disinfectants. Antimicrobial sensitivity test.
    
• Immunology 6 hours
  • Immunity Vaccines, Types of Vaccine and immunization schedule
  • Principles and interpretation of commonly done serological tests namely Widal,
  • VDRL, ASLO, CRP, RF & ELISA. Rapid tests for HIV and HbsAg(Technical details to be avoided)
    
• Systematic Bacteriology 20 hours
  • Morphology, cultivation, diseases caused, laboratory diagnosis including specimen collection of the following bacteria( the classification, antigenic structure and pathogenicity are not to be taught) Staphyloccci, Streptococci, Pneumococci, Gonococci, Meningococci, C diphtheriae, Mycobacteria, Clostridia, Bacillus, Shigella, Salmonella, Esch coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas & Spirochetes.
    
• Parasitology 10 hours
  • Morphology, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis of following parasites
  • E. histolytica, Plasmodium, Tape worms, Intestinal nematodes
    
• Mycology 4 hours
  • Morphology, diseases caused and lab diagnosis of following fungi.
  • Candida, Cryptococcus, Dermatophytes ,opportunistic fungi.
    
• Virology 10 hours
  • General properties of viruses, diseases caused, lab diagnosis and prevention of following viruses, Herpes, Hepatitis, HIV, Rabies and Poliomyelitis.
• Hospital infection 
  • Causative agents, transmission methods, investigation, prevention and control Hospital infection. 4 hours
    
• Principles and practice Biomedical waste management 4 hours
• Practical 20 hours
  • Compound Microscope.
  • Demonstration and sterilization of equipments – Hot Air oven, Autoclave, Bacterial filters.
  • Demonstration of commonly used culture media, Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Mac conkey medium, LJ media, Robertson Cooked meat media, Potassium tellurite media with growth, Mac with LF & NLF, NA with staph Antibiotic susceptibility test
  • Demonstration of common serological tests – Widal, VDRL, ELISA.
  • Grams stain
  • Acid Fast staining
  • Stool exam for Helminthic ova
  • Visit to hospital for demonstration of Biomedical waste management.
  • Anaerobic culture methods.
    

 

Subsidiary Subjects

Sociology

Teaching Hours: 20

 Course Description

This course will introduce student to the basic sociology concepts, principles and social process, social institutions [in relation to the individual, family and community and the various social factors affecting the family in rural and urban communities in India will be studied.

• Introduction:
  • Meaning – Definition and scope of sociology
  • Its relation to Anthropology, Psychology, Social Psychology
  • Methods of Sociological investigations – Case study, social survey, questionnaire, interview and opinion poll methods.
  • Importance of its study with special reference to health care professionals
• Social Factors in Health and Disease:
  • Meaning of social factors
  • Role of social factors in health and disease
• Socialization:
  • Meaning and nature of socialization
  • Primary, Secondary and Anticipatory socialization
  • Agencies of socialization
• Social Groups:
  • Concepts of social groups, influence of formal and informal groups on health and sickness. The role of primary groups and secondary groups in the hospital and rehabilitation setup.
• Family:
  • The family, meaning and definitions
  • Functions of types of family
  • Changing family patterns
  • Influence of family on individual’s health, family and nutrition, the effects of sickness in the family and psychosomatic disease and their importance to physiotherapy
• Community:
  • Rural community: Meaning and features – Health hazards to rural communities, health hazards to tribal community.
  • Urban community – Meaning and features – Health hazards of urbanities
  • Culture and Health:
  • Concept of Health
  • Concept of culture
  • Culture and Health
  • Culture and Health Disorders
  • Social Change:
  • Meaning of social changes
  • Factors of social changes
  • Human adaptation and social change
  • Social change and stress
  • Social change and deviance
  • Social change and health programme
  • The role of social planning in the improvement of health and rehabilitation
• Social Problems of disabled:
  • Consequences of the following social problems in relation to sickness and disability remedies to prevent these problems
  • Population explosion
  • Poverty and unemployment
  • Beggary
  • Juvenile delinquency
  • Prostitution
  • Alcoholism
  • Problems of women in employment
• Social Security:
  • Social Security and social legislation in relation to the disabled
• Social Work:
  • Meaning of Social Work
  • The role of a Medical Social Worker

 

English

Course Description: This course is designed to help the student acquire a good command and comprehension of the English language through individual papers and conferences.

Behavioural Objectives:

The student at the end of training is able to :

• Read and comprehend English language
• Speak and write grammatically correct English
• Appreciates the value of English literature in personal and professional life.
  

Unit - I: Introduction:

• Study Techniques
• Organisation of effective note taking and logical processes of analysis and synthesis
• Use of the dictionary
• Enlargement of vocabulary
• Effective diction

 Unit - II: Applied Grammar:

• Correct usage
• The structure of sentences
• The structure of paragraphs
• Enlargements of Vocabulary
  

Unit - III: Written Composition:

• Precise writing and summarising
• Writing of bibliography
• Enlargement of Vocabulary

Unit - IV: Reading and Comprehension:

• Review of selected materials and express oneself in one's words.
• Enlargement of Vocabulary.

Unit - V: The Study of the Various Forms of Composition:

• Paragraph, Essay, Letter, Summary, Practice in writing

Unit - VI: Verbal Communication:

• Discussions and summarization, Debates, Oral reports, use in teaching Scheme of Examination Written (Theory): Maximum Marks: –80 marks.
• No Practical or Viva voce examination
• This is a subsidiary subject, examination to be conducted by respective colleges. Marks required for a pass is 35%

 

Bio Statistics

Time Allotted: 20 Hours

Course Description:

• Introduction to basic statistical concepts: methods of statistical analysis; and interpretation of data
• Behavioral Objectives:
• Understands statistical terms.
• Possesses knowledge and skill in the use of basic statistical and research methodology.
  

Unit – I : Introduction

• Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics.
• Importance of the study of statistics.
• Branches of statistics.
• Statistics and health science including nursing.
• Parameters and estimates.
• Descriptive and inferential statistics.
• Variables and their types.
• Measurement scales
  

Unit – II : Tabulation of Data

• Raw data, the array, frequency distribution.
• Basic principles of graphical representation.
• Types of diagrams - histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency polygon, commulative frequency curve, ogive.
• Normal probability curve.
  

Unit - III : Measure of Central Tendency

• Need for measures of central tendency
• Definition and calculation of mean - ungrouped and grouped
• Meaning, interpretation and calculation of median ungrouped and grouped.
• Meaning and calculation of mode.
• Comparison of the mean, and mode.
• Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency.
  

Unit - IV : Measure of Variability

• Need for measure of dispression.
• The range, the average deviation.
• The variance and standard deviation.
• Calculation of variance and standard deviation ungrouped and grouped.
• Properties and uses of variance and SO
  

Unit -V : Probability and Standard Distributions.

• Meaning of probability of standard distribution.
• The Binominal distribution.
• The normal distribution.
• Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis.
  

Unit - VI : Sampling Techniques

• Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples.
• Application of sampling in Community.
• Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors.
• Sampling variation and tests of significance.
  

Unit - VII : Health Indicator

• Importance of health Indicator.
• Indicators of population, morbidity, mortality, health services.
• Calculation of rates and rations of health.

 

Health Care

Teaching Hours : 40

Introduction to Health

• Definition of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators of India, Health Team Concept.
• National Health Policy
• National Health Programmes ( Briefly Objectives and scope)
• Population of India and Family welfare programme in India

Introduction to Nursing

• What is Nursing ? Nursing principles. Inter-Personnel relationships. Bandaging : Basic turns; Bandaging extremities; Triangular Bandages and their application.
• Nursing Position, Bed making, prone, lateral, dorsal, dorsal re-cumbent, Fowler's positions, comfort measures, Aids and rest and sleep.
• Lifting And Transporting Patients: Lifting patients up in the bed. Transferring from bed to wheel chair. Transferring from bed to stretcher.
• Bed Side Management: Giving and taking Bed pan, Urinal : Observation of stools, urine.
• Observation of sputum, Understand use and care of catheters, enema giving.
• Methods of Giving Nourishment: Feeding, Tube feeding, drips, transfusion Care of Rubber Goods
• Recording of body temperature, respiration and pulse, Simple aseptic technique, sterilization and disinfection.
• Surgical Dressing: Observation of dressing procedures

First Aid :

• Syllabus as for Certificate Course of Red Cross Society of St. John's Ambulance Brigade.

 

Indian Constitution

Prescribed for the First Year students of all degree classes

Unit-I:

• Meaning of the term ‘Constitution’. Making of the Indian Constitution 1946-1950.

Unit-II:

• The democratic institutions created by the constitution Bicameral system of Legislature at the Centre and in the States.

Unit-III:

• Fundamental Rights and Duties their content and significance.

Unit – IV:

• Directive Principles of States Policies the need to balance Fundamental Rights with Directive Principles.

Unit – V:

• Special Rights created in the Constitution for: Dalits, Backwards, Women and Children and the Religious and Linguistic Minorities.

Unit-VI:

• Doctrine of Separation of Powers legislative, Executive and Judicial and their functioning in India.

Unit – VII:

• The Election Commission and State Public Service commissions.

Unit – VIII:

• Method of amending the Constitution.

Unit – IX:

• Enforcing rights through Writs:

Unit – X:

• Constitution and Sustainable Development in India.

 

Environment Science and Health

• Introduction to Environment and Health
  • Sources, health hazards and control of environmental pollution
  • Water
  • The concept of safe and wholesome water.
  • The requirements of sanitary sources of water.
  • Understanding the methods of purification of water on small scale and large scale.
  • Various biological standards, including WHO guidelines for third world countries.
  • Concept and methods for assessing quality of water.
  • Domestic refuse, sullage, human excreta and sewage their effects on environment and health, methods and issues related to their disposal.
  • Awareness of standards of housing and the effect of poor housing on health.
  • Role of arthropods in the causation of diseases, mode of transmission of arthropods borne diseases, methods of control

 

Basics in Computer Applications

The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of computer and its applications.

• Introduction to Data processing :
  • Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. Getting data into / out of computers. Role of computers. What is Data processing? Application areas of computers involved in Data processing. Common activities in processing. Types of Data processing, Characteristics of information. What are Hardware and Software?
    
• Hardware Concepts :
  • Architecture of computers, Classification of computers, Concept of damage. Types of storage devices. Characteristics of disks, tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network. Applications of networking concept of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care.
    
• Concept of Software.
  • Classification of software : System software. Application of software. Operating system. Computer system. Computer virus. Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses. Computers in medical electronics. Basic Anatomy of Computers
    
• Principles of programming
  • Computer application - principles in scientific research ; work processing, medicine, libraries, museum , education, information system.
    
• Data processing
  • Computers in physical therapy - principles in EMG, Exercise testing equipment, Laser. Scheme of Examination For Medical Electronics Including Computer Applications.
    

 

Second Year

Biochemistry II

Theory

• Blood chemistry (Its constituents)
• Urine chemistry (Its constituents)
• Biomolecules:
  • Carbohydrate: Metabolism & disorder of carbohydrate
  • Lipids: Metabolism & disorders lipids.
• Vitamins: sources, functions, deficiency, requirements,
• Enzymes – Introduction, Activation energy, classification, activity, specificity, kinetics v max, Km, Michaelis Menten equation
• Biophysics-surface tension, osmolarity and viscosity.
• Photometry, spectrometry, turbidometry, flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy.
• MPNB - Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine of these importance
• Nutrition
  • Calorific value, Respiratory Quotient
  • Nitrogen balance, Basal Metabolic Rate
  • Dietary fibres
  • Nutritional importance of carbohydrates, lipid, proteins and vitamins
  • Diseases associated with nutrition
  • Prescription of diet
• Special investigations
  • Demonstration -
    
    • Serum electrophoresis
    • Immunoglobulins
    • Drug estimation - Digitoxin, Theophyllin, Amphitamines,
  • Sympathomimetics, Cannabinoids, Barbiturates

Practicals

• Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids.
• Estimation blood sugar and Blood Urea
• Quantitative test for urine glucose and GTT.
• Qualitative screening test for normal and abnormal urine sample.
• Estimation of non-protein nitrogenous compounds of blood: Blood urea, Creatinine, Creatinine clearance test (CCT)
• Protein precipitation, dialysis and separation of proteins, electrophoresis of serum, CSF and urine proteins.

 

Microbiology II

Topics: Parasitology, Mycology and Virology

• Introduction of Mycology. Terms & Classification. 
• Lab Diagnosis of Fungal Infections 2 Hrs.
  
• Mycology 14 Hrs.
  • Superficial Mycoses Malsezzia furfur, T.nigra, T.piedra
  • Subcutaneous Mycoses
    • Mycetoma
    • Rhinosporidium
    • Sporotrichosis
  • Dermatophytes
  • Systemic Mycoses
    • Histoplasmosis
    • Blastomycosis
    • Coccidiodosis
    • Paracoccidiodosis
  • Opportunistic Fungi
    • Aspergillosis
    • Penicillosis
    • Zygomycosis
    • Pneumocystis
    • Mycotoxins
• Parasitology
  • Protozology-Entamoeba histolytica
    • Balantidium coli
    • Giardia
    • Toxoplasma
    • Malaria
    • Leishmania
  • Helminthology
    • Cestodes - Taenia, Echinococcus, D.latum, H.nana
    • Trematodes - Schistosoma, Fasciola
    • Nematodes – Ascaris, hookworm, Strongyloides, Trichuris, Trichinella,
    • Dracunculus, Filarial worms
• Virology-
  
  • General properties of virus, cultivation of viruses, Pox viruses, Herpesviruses, Adenoviruses, Picornaviruses, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxoviruses,Arboviruses, Rhabdoviruses, Hepatitis viruses, Oncogenic viruses, HIV, Parvovirus, Viral haemorrhagic fevers, SARS, Rotavirus, Norwalk virus, Astrovirus, Corona virus

Practicals for II year:

• Parasitology:
  • Stool examination
    • Saline mount
    • Iodine mount
• Mycology:
  • Slide culture technique
  • KOH mount
  • Identification of fungal cultures
    • Colony characteristics and Microscopic examination of Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton,
    • Microsporum, Aspergillus niger, Asp fumigatus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Penicillium.
• Virology
  • Demonstration of embryonated egg inoculation
  • Virology exercise:
    • Spots test, ELISA (HBV, HCV, HIV), HI, Paul Bunnel test
    • Applied exercise – Rabies, Infantile Diarrhoea, Herpes, HBV, HIV, Influenza.

Pathology II

Histopathology and Hematology

Histopathology

• Instrumentation :
  • Automated Tissue Processor
  • Microtomes, Knives, Knife sharpners and Ultramicrotome
  • Freezing microtome and Cryostat
  • Automatic slide stainer
• Techniques :
  • Routine paraffin section cutting
  • Frozen section and Cryostat section studies 
• Staining techniques: Special stains for Carbohydrates, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue, Bone tissue, Collage fibers, Elastic Fibers, Lipids, Organisms, fungi, parasites, pigments and deposits in tissues 
• Mounting techniques: Various mounts and mounting techniques Electron Microscope, Scanning electron microscope, Dark ground and Florescent microscope Museum technology Microphotography and its applications Maintenance of records and filing of slides ICDS Classification and coding Application of computers in Pathology
  

Hematology

Hemopoiesis, Stem cells, formed elements and their functions Anticoagulants used in various hematological studies Routine hematological tests and normal values:

• Determination of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
• Enumeration of RBC, WBC & Platelets
• Absolute Eosinophil count
• Reticulocyte count
• Calculation of Red cell Indices
• Preparation of staining of blood film for morphology of red cells and differential count

Special Hematological tests:

• Sickling tests
• Osmotic fragility test
• Determination HbF and HbA2
• Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
• Investigation of G6PD deficiency
• Plasma haptoglobin and demonstration of hemosiderin in urine
• Tests for Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Measurement of abnormal Hb pigments
  

Hemostasis and Coagulation

• Normal hemostasis, mechanism of blood coagulation and normal fibrinolytic system
• Collection of blood and anticoagulants used in coagulation studies
• Investigation of hemostatic mechanism-BT, CT, whole blood coagulation time test, PT, PTT
• Assay of clotting factors
• Tests for fibrinolytic activity- Euglobulin , clot lysis test and FDP
• Platelet function tests

Investigation of Megaloblastic anemia and Iron deficiency anemia

• B12 and Folate assay and Schilling test
• Estimation of serum iron and iron binding capacity

Bone marrow biopsy study

• Needle aspiration and surgical biopsy technique
• Preparation of smears and staining
  • Demonstration of LE cells
  • Cytochemistry
  • Administration in Hematology and Quality control
    

Practicals:

• Paraffin section cutting
• Staining by Hematoxylin & Eosin and other special stains
• Determination of Hemaglobin and Hematocrit
• Red blood cell count
• Total white blood cell count
• Platelet count
• Differential count of white blood cells
• Absolute Eosinophil count
• Reticulocyte count
• Calculation of red cell indices
• Determination of ESR
• Determination of BT, CT, Whole blood clotting time
• Determination of PT and PTT
• Blood smear preparation and staining
• Osmotic fragility test
• Sickling test
• LE cell preparation
  

Third Year

Biochemistry III

Theory

• Liver Function tests. Role of the Liver in metabolism, formation of bilirubin and mode of excretion.
• Gastric Analysis: Composition of gastric juice, concepts of free and bound acids, gastric acid secretions stimulations.
• Renal function, Renal function test and renal clearance test.
• Calculi: Theory of formation and analysis, Renal clearance concentration and application of Phenolsulfonaphthalein.
• Acid – Base balance and its disturbances.
• Inorganic ions: Calcium metabolism, phosphate metabolism, sodium-potassium balance and trace element (Fe, CU).
• Metabolism of proteins and amino acids.
• Over view & replication, translation, transcription and genetic engineering.
• Metabolic disorders:
  • Amino acids
  • Proteins
  • Inborn errors of metabolic disorders.
• Clinical enzymology.
• Radio isotope techniques: Principle, definition of units, measurement of radiation standards, crystal counting. Resources and applications.
• Immunoassay: Different methods, principle and applications.
• Biostatistics: Population mean, Correlation Coefficient, Standard deviation, Standard error.

Practicals:

• Specimen Collections: Urine, Blood, Gastric juice,
• Accuracy, precision and quality control – Demonstration and preparation of two methods using histogram, F-test and Barr test.
• Enzymes: amylase (salivary and Pancreatic), Alkaline Phosphatase, Acid Phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT, LDH and CPK- demonstration on auto analyzer.
• Liver function tests: estimation of Bilirubin – total and conjugates, Urobilinogen,
• Gastric analysis: Determination of free and total acid, gastric stimulation.
• Lipid determination of serum lipids – cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein fractionation.
• Inorganic ions – Determination of calcium in serum and urine, serum phosphates, chloride sodium and potassium.
• Analysis of calculi
• Urine – screening for inborn errors of metabolism
• RFT
• Cardiac markers (Relevant charts on the above topics for interpretation and diagnosis)

 

Microbiology III

Systemic Bacteriology, Immunology, Applied Bacteriology

• Immunology
  • Infection 2hrs
  • Immunity 4 Hrs.
    • Innate immunity
    • Acquired immunity (adaptive immunity)
    • Active and passive immunity
      • Natural acquired active immunity
      • Artificial acquired active immunity
      • Natural acquired passive immunity- breast feeding
      • Artificial acquired passive immunity
  • Immune System
    • Cell development
    • lymphocytes(general knowledge of their role)
      • Bursa of Fabricius
      • Stem cell differentiation
      • Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
    • Tlymphocytes
      • Stem cell differentiation (general knowledge of their role)
      • Cytotoxic T (TC) cells
      • Delayed-type hypersensitivity T (TD) cells
      • Helper T (TH) cells
      • Suppressor T (TS) cells
    • Natural killer cells
      • Dual nature of the immune system
        • Humoral immunity
        • Cell-mediated immunity
      • General properties of immune responses
    • Recognition of self versus nonself
      • Clonal selection theory B-cells
      • Tolerance
      • Clonal deletion
    • Specificity
      • Definition
      • Cross-reactions
    • Heterogeneity
    • Memory
      • Memory cells
      • Anamnestic response
  • Humoral Immunity
    • General characteristics
      • Antigen types
      • Antigen sensitization
      • Plasma cells
  • Antigen & Antibody 04 Hrs.
    • Antigens
    • Epitopes (antigenic determinants)
    • Hapten
    • Antibodies consequences of antibody binding
    • Titer
  • Immune Response
    • Properties of Antibodies (immunoglobulins)*
      • Light chains *
      • Heavy chains*
      • Constant and variable regions*
      • Antigen binding sites*
      • Fab and Fc regions *
    • Classes of immunoglobulins*
      • IgG*
      • IgM*
      • IgA*
        • J chain
        • Secretory piece
      • IgE*
      • IgD*
      • Antibody titer
        • Primary and secondary responses *
        • Kinds of antigen-antibody responses *
        • How humoral responses eliminate foreign antigens *
    • Basic mechanisms*
      • Agglutination*
      • Opsonization*
      • Activation of complement* Do not worry about the detailed mechanism of complement. Know that it makes a membrane attack complex and what that is.
      • Neutralization
    • Summary of humoral immunity
  • Monoclonal Antibodies
    • Production
      • Hybridoma formation *
      • Cloning of cells
    • Uses*
      • Research tools*
      • Diagnostic uses*
      • Therapy*
  • Cell-Mediated Immunity *
    • General characteristics*
    • The cell-mediated immune reactions
      • Antigen processing
      • Helper T (TH) cells
        • TH1 (inflammatory T) cells
        • TH2 cells
      • Suppressor T (TS) cells
      • Cytotoxic (killer) T (TC) cells
      • Natural killer (NK) cells
      • Memory T cells
      • Lymphokine release
    • C. Superantigens
  • 09. Factors That Modify Immune Responses
    • Compromised host
    • Modifying factors
      • Age
      • Stress
      • Diet
      • Exercise
      • Injuries
      • Environmental factors
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Autoimmune disorders
• Transplantation immunology
• Antimicrobial Sensitivity.
  • Disk diffusion and Dilution 3 Hrs.
• Bacteriology of Water, Milk and Air 5 Hrs.
• Systematic Bacteriology 75 Hrs.
  • Classification, Morphology, Genotypic & Phenotypic characteristics, Pathogenesis, Disease caused, Lab Diagnosis & Prophylaxis
• Gram Positive Bacteria
  • Staphyloccus
  • Streptococcus
  • Pneumococcus
  • Corynebacteria
  • Clostridia
  • Bacillus
  • Listeria
  • Actinomyces
  • Nocardia
• Gram Negative Bacteria
  • Neisseria
  • Enterobacteriaceae
  • Escherichia
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • Proteus
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Yersinia
  • Pseudomonas
  • Haemophilus
  • Brucella
  • Pasturella
  • Legionella
  • Bordetella
  • Burkholderia
  • Gardnerella
  • Vibrio
  • Campylobacter
  • Helicobacter
  • Bacteroides
  • Fusobacterium
• Spirocheates
  • Treponema
  • Borrelia
  • Leptospira
• Mycobacteria
  • M.tuberculosis
  • M.leprae
  • Atypical Mycobacteria
• Mycoplasma
• Chalmyadiae
• Ricketssiaceae
• Applied microbiology- Diseases.
• Molecular techniques in diagnostic microbiology- PCR, DNA hybridisation
• Desirable to know: (There will be no main questions or short notes from this portion.  One paper may have only one question under short answers i.e. 3 marks)
• Erysipelothrix
  • Propionibacteria
  • Rhodococcus
  • Tropheryma
  • Moraxella
  • Serratia
  • Stenotrophomonas
  • Acinetobacter
  • Streptobacillus
  • Parvobacteria

Practicals For 3rd Year

• Bacteriology
  • Staininga.
  • Grams staining
    • ZN staining
    • Alberts staining
  • Hanging drop preparation
  • Culture methods
  • Introduction to biochemical reactions
  • Identification of bacterial culture
    • Colony characteristics
    • Morphological characteristics
    • Motility study
    • Interpretation of biochemical reactions
  • Antibiotic sensitivity testing- Kirby Bauer method
• Applied bacteriology- exercise
  • Immunology: Serological tests:
• Specimen collection
• Principle
• Methods.
• Procedure
• Normal values/ Significant titer
• Interpretations
• Limitations : of all the following tests
  • Widal
  •  ASO
  • CRP
  • RPR/VDRL/TRUST
  • RA
  • HBsAg /anti HIV detection
  • ELISA
    

 

Pathology III

Cytology, Automation in cytology, Cytogenetics, Cytochemistry

Immunohematology and Blood transfusion

Cytology

• Normal cell structure, functions, cytologic criteria of malignancy
• Types of specimens, methods of collection & preparation of cell block
• Different fixatives and methods of fixation
• Staining :
  • Papanicoloau’s stain- principle , preparation and staining techniques
  • May Grunwald Giemsa stain
  • Shorr’s stain
  • Aceto orcin stain

 Female Genital tract

• Anatomy, Histology, Physiology & normal cytology
• Techniques of collection of specimen for cervical cytology study
• Hormonal cytology and cytological indices
• Cervical cytology screening for malignant and nonmalignant conditions , Radiation changes & follow up
• Cytology of Endometrium – normal , nonmalignant and in malignant conditions
• Cytology in Ovarian cancers

Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal tract and Urinary tract

• Anatomy, Histology and Physiology
• Collection of sample, preparation of smears and staining
• Cytology of normal, nonmalignant & malignant conditions

C S F and Effusions

• Cytology of CSF in inflammatory, nonmalignant & malignant Conditions
• Cytology of effusions in nonmalignant and malignant conditions
  

Glands – Breast, Thyroid, Salivary glands and Lymph nodes

• Anatomy , Histology and Physiology
• Fine needle aspiration cytology of glands and other soft tissue mass
• Cytologic features in nonmalignant and malignant conditions of different glands and nipple discharges
  

Automation in Cytology

• Flow cytometry
• Image Analysis
• Principles, Equipments, procedures & Evaluation
  

Tissue culture and Immunohistochemistry

• Equipments for Tissue culture studies
  • Laminar air flow equipment
  • Carbon dioxide incubator
  • Inverted microscope
• Derivation of culture from tissue
  • Enzymatic digestion of tissue using collaginase, protease
  • Plating in tissue culture media
  • Observation of cells in Invertoscope
  • Subculturing & derivation of cell lines
• Characterization of cell lines
  • Determination of biochemical markers in cells
  • Chromosomal & DNA content of cells
  • Immunological properties of cells
• Preservation of Immortalized cell lines
  • Storage in Glycerol in Liquid Nitrogen
  • Storage in Dimethyl sulfoxide in Liquid Nitrogen

Cytogenetics

• Introduction to cytogenetics, terminology , classification and nomenclature of human chromosomes
• Methods of karyotypic analysis
  • Culture of bone marrow cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes, solid tumors & skin fibroblasts Direct preparation from tumor materials
• Characterization of human chromosomes by various banding techniques
• Sex chromatin identification
• Chromosomes in neoplasia and oncogenes

Immunocytochemistry

• Basics concepts, monoclonal antibodies & preparation
• Fluorescence reactions
  

Immunohematology and Blood transfusion

• ABO Blood group and Rh system
• Subgroups of A and B , Other blood groups and Bombay group
• HLA antigens and their significance
• Principles of Blood transfusion:
  • Blood donor selection
  • Methods of bleeding donors
  • Blood containers, anticoagulants and storage of blood
  • Coomb’s test and its significance
  • Screening of blood for infective material
  • Blood components, preparation & component therapy
  • Autologous transfusion
  • Transfusion reactions and work up
  • Blood bank organization, standards, procedures, techniques and quality control

Practicals

Preparation of various cytology smears and fixation

• Papanicoloau’s and May Grunwald Geimsa staining
• Hormonal cytology study
• Blood grouping and Rh typing
• Cross matching techniques
• Screening of Donor’s blood for infective agents
• Transfusion reaction work up
• Preparation of blood components